"MIND - YOUR Counselors!"

                
- What is it you do it? - Asked the editor, taking the manuscript of a young author. - It's about what?
- On your mind! - He replied, slightly agitated.
- On your mind ... - this is certainly good. Yes, you know, because we do not understand.
- I think our readers are fairly literate and fully competent. Why did they deprive the mind? - Pun author with obvious annoyance.
- Well, what about those - said the editor - who deprived nature of the mind? They have something to blame? May take offense ... - Thinking, thoughtfully added:
- Yes, and biologists need to consult ...

              Today, after already twenty years since that conversation, it should clearly say: that was the best editor of the era of "developed socialism!

      The dispute about the mind ... To paraphrase the famous dictum, one might say that if such a conversation and it was not, then it certainly ought to invent. Very much it is typical. Characteristic not only of interest to him by any educated person. But, above all, conventional wisdom by explaining that over the mind there. So who's right, the author or editor? And whether you call in the arbitrators is a biologist? Let's try to understand.
In the mirror of science.

      Science today - a very influential force. Authoritative, however, and the arguments of scientists about the mind. But the judge about him and others, undoubtedly, smart, although not necessarily scientific authority.

       ... He lived at the dawn of ancient civilization is one of the seven Greek sages named Solon. "Um - your guide" - with these words he taught his young countrymen. And these words were perceived at the time, not just as a private opinion of a decent man, but as a life stability of an entire people, the lifestyle of each and every Greek.

      True, centuries and millennia that have passed since then, made their adjustments. Recall, for example, the medieval Arab poet Omar Khayyam:

                                      He who believes in the youth's mind,

                                      Began in the pursuit of truth, dry, and morose.

                                      Claimed by a child on the knowledge of life,

                                      Grapes do not become turned into a raisin.
- He claimed.

      Five centuries later: "Not every man who knows the depths of his mind, knew the depths of his heart," and because of that "mind is always a fool's heart" - said the French writer XVII century. Francois de La Rochefoucauld.

      - Yes! But "and the power of the mind gives way" - as opposed to his Russian proverb.

         So, what is a "mind"? Angry whether he is a demon that can sap a person's life or his good and faithful assistant. He is confident will lead us through life, or, conversely, all that is not laziness, pushed around by them? What is he all about?

      For religion in general and Christianity in particular, the mind is a treasure not so much a man as God's domain. Thinks, therefore, not so many people as God through man and man. Here, for example, tells the evangelist Matthew in the name of Christ, turning to his disciples: "And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for the evidence before them and the Gentiles. When they deliver you up, take no thought how or what to say: For in that hour shall be given you, what to say because they do not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you. "

      Today it is hard to find someone who would not agree with chased by science: thinking - function of the human brain. She suffered the natural sciences and conquered in a fierce fight against all kinds of mysticism and religion. (Religion "self-adoration and the mystique of the" personality cult bosses ", including!). This formula is the foundation of modern scientific knowledge about the mind and represents, one might say, a textbook truth.

      There were, however, and those who have the truth and it did not recognize. "Our brain is not a dwelling, a seat, a creator, not a tool or a body, the support or substratum of thought" - wrote the founder empirio Richard Avenarius. "Brainless philosophy - rightly called this concept by Lenin.

      However, it should be remembered that the foundation of the science of the mind, yet have all the scientific entire building. And while all science opposes religion but a science science - discord! Forget it even for a moment - then again to fall unwittingly into a religion, but on the ground ... the science itself. Unfortunately, this often happens.

      In fact, take this is the characteristic reasoning: "because everybody knows that, from the standpoint of modern science, thinking ability is a function of the brain, namely the brain and have a genuine reason for thinking!" - I think generally, if it is just so ... But the fact of the matter is that since all of us only think!

      Agree that prior to every unprejudiced person will inevitably (and logical!), The question arises: is it in terms of modern science "is not speculation," not a function of all of the same brain? If so, if the function of the brain are not only "mind," but also "stupid", it should be recognized, though the brain in exactly the same degree is their - (crazy and stupid) - the cause. In this case, it appears that the two mutually exclusive things, two completely opposite effects, the same reason (?)

      If so, then there is a reasonable question: why only "two" investigation may lead is the same reason? Why did not the "three", ten, or even thousands?

      It turns out that such a "cause", if you want, you can explain anything: you can not only different consequences derive from the same cause, but even a corollary to withdraw ... from different reasons!

      What exactly is the argument, that, if I may say, "science" is different from the way of thinking, say, orthodox old woman, for which only God can do everything: mind, give or deprive of reason; make a person good or evil, blind or sighted, courageous or ... He willed to her, the only reason that thing "is", as well as the fact that her "no."

      But the science in the strict sense begins when and where and when one is quite certain reasons, entails a single, well-defined result. Conversely, not only "leads" but also "matches"! This is strictly an epistemological sense, the pagan religion, with strict logical point of view, even preferable. In it, after all, for the relevant things, phenomena, events, human abilities or natural disasters were "prescribed" and the reasons therefor-gods: craft, trade, thunder, lightning, wisdom, cunning or love ...

      In short, it turns out that, in the face of logic, theory-logy, "the most logical science itself!

      So what's the deal? Right or wrong science, claiming that thought is a function of the brain? Yes, of course, of course, right. With that, only the essential caveat that this formula - not the whole of science as a whole, but only one of the sciences.

      With the caveat that "function" is not necessarily a "consequence". A "body" does not "cause". As, however, and vice versa. That "thinking with the brain" and "think because of the brain" - assertions are completely different. Approval, all within the competence, within a completely different sciences.

      That is the truth about the mind and the science says: physiology, biology or medicine. To think otherwise - is to commit an elementary logical error to identify the natural sciences (biology, in particular) and science in general.

      It is from this identification stems scientific-sounding prejudice of those who think this way: If a person's ability carried out by the body, the laws of his living body "and is" ... the laws of all human faculties. However, as would be deeply penetrated into the depths of the human body and brain of a biologist or a neurosurgeon, they find there is neither good nor evil, neither truth nor error, nor the mind nor the feeble mind. Just as in the anatomical foot ballerina not find a beautiful image ... the dying swan. Directly on the famous proverb: "It is difficult to find a black cat in a dark room. Especially if the cats are out there and did not. "

      Here's what he wrote about this director of the Institute of General Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician Dubinin: "Attempts, lasting throughout the century, to prove that differences in intelligence of normal people depend on the" intelligence gene ", yielded nothing. Widespread belief that intelligence is passed from parents to children, is beyond the scientific evidence. " Scientific evidence of biology - we will add. This is no accident! After all these questions about the mind and foolishness, beautiful and ugly, good and evil within the competence of such sciences as logic, aesthetics and ethics. In short, within the boundaries of philosophy of science.

      And that is as philosophically literate biologist, academician Dubinin concludes: "The human person is defined in the history of social culture. All normal people are capable of virtually unlimited spiritual development. " The opposite of the same opinion, he rightly called "breeding approach to the man."

      And the approach to the human mind from the same position as the animal, would agree, very, very stupid.

 
Science of Mind.

 

      Thus, it is impossible to be smart without the brain. But it is also true that, with the most rasprekrasnym brain can, thus, not be human at all. It is known that the Indian Emperor Akbar, who lived in the XVI century., Isolated groups of children immediately after their birth. As a result, he was convinced that being normal at birth, and bodily well-developing, children are, by themselves, no consciousness is not purchased.

      Aristotle, the greatest thinker of antiquity, we find this, here's understanding of the origins of human abilities and intellect: "the hand is the instrument of instruments, so the mind - a form of forms." Comparison of the essence of the mind with the hand is not accidental. Moreover, the validity of this comparison strongly insists that modern science, ie modern philosophical materialism.

      Our entire human civilization is arranged in such a way that, from the very beginning of life, "liberate" the hand of man, ie make it capable of committing any infinitely many-like action. Mother, lovingly squeezed and tormoshaschaya her child, father, grandmother or older brother, though it kept him on his knees, but be sure to take under the arms and put on more immature stem. Table, chair or bed, in a word the whole world of things made by man for man, too "forced" (even against the will and consciousness of others), crawling on all fours baby up on its hind limbs to free front, "turning" them into a human hand. And so it something that "gun shells, are then available all the human faculties, ie, ways of working people who (ways of) are encoded in a cup and spoon, the mode of the day, a child's toy, in a fairy tale or the rules of the game with other kids.

      That arm is the main and first-initial source of the mind. This is it, since the birth of the person, allows him to move on the forms of culture, embodied in the logic surrounding it "smart things".

      Clever, hence, a person becomes long before he learns to speak: on his mind, we can judge by his actions, on the ability to use household items, and communicate with others. Only then, somewhat later, a hand from a mind of its first cause, is gradually transformed into a body and "function" of the mind, in his gun. That is, the mind of the child learns to express himself not only in business but also in the word.

      However, as clarified in the process Sophio-genesis of the child later in the word of people express not only the mind. Expressed therein, and all sorts of folly. So that the child will inevitably discover that the word itself is a "Logos" does not always ... For example, loss of mind, ie madness or insanity - is the loss of ability to live like human beings, including humans. From all the other crazy people is different in that it can not sum up their individual actions under the general rules for all. And, in fact, to live in human society, it follows the rules and regulations necessary to perform. Without it, you can not even cross the street without risking their own lives: traffic regulations common to all.

      Every normal person has the fact that philosophy has long been called "the ability judgments, or sanity. In other words, the ability to build individual life, obeying the "global" way of life for the whole team in your thoughts, feelings and actions. That is why his "representations" of reality with reality itself that, in general, and the whole match.

      In no-wise the same human consciousness is not identical with being. "We call people crazy if the system of representation is not determined by the sequence of events and order the world around us" - argued about this German author of the XVIII century. Lichtenberg. Therefore, unlike the criminal, encroaches on the norms of civilian life consciously, that person is considered insane. He can not even judge and he is the subject of concerns ... to the doctor - psychiatrist.

      Mind - the domain of a normal person. But the mind of a normal person as the variety and multi-face, however different from each other all the normal people. La Rochefoucauld even created a whole gallery of the mind: the mind "mighty" and "elegant" mind "flexible", "flexible" and "bland", "common", "thin" and "business" mind, "soft", "systematic "and as" a hefty mind. "

      Exists in common parlance, the word "idiot" can mean not only crazy but also, say, a normal, but a foolish man. Fool, in general, and generally does, and willing to do the same thing as everyone else. He acts "as" obeying the same rules of conduct and no disputing them. The only trouble is that these rules, he constantly confuses and goofs - the plot is well known in folk tales around the world.
- Would you, my son went around people rubbed so mad picked up, - said the old woman's son.
- Wait a minute, Mom. I'll go. - Go through the village sees - two men threshed peas, now ran to him, something about a portrait, then about another.
- Do not play the fool - say the men - go where you came from. And he rubs Know yourself. Guys, well wroth it flails beat that nearly took home his feet. Home mother told fool their grief.
- Oh, boy. You would have said to them: God help the good people! Would you wear - do not move, could carry - do not carry! They would have given you, and peas. - The next day he met a fool funeral procession. Saw and began to shout:
- God help you! Would you wear - do not move, could carry - do not carry! - Again, its profits, but at home his mother advises:
- Would you say: "Yes Eve candle!" - So would remove his hat, began to cry tears, but bowing to beat, they would have fed you - drink your fill, and with a distance. - Next time you met a fool gay marriage and on the mandate-old mother took off his hat yes wailed ...

 

      The essence of stupidity is well it has been observed in folk proverbs and sayings: "Smart avoids trouble, but a fool, and where no finds," "Do not be stubborn, but whether it is direct," "When smart humbled - fools," "wise man sees the truth, and fool learns her on her back, "" Thumbsucker head to the feet rest does not, "" What time do not hit the thought to hit in the head "...

      The essence of political stupidity Lenin noticed and identified as follows: "For the trees do not see the forest!" - He spoke of his opponents.

      In one of his works of Marx and Engels result here is an example of such stupidity that occurs most often on the basis of the official (bureaucratic, professor, partkomovskoy) philosophy: "One brave man once came to my mind that people are drowning in the water just because that they are obsessed with the idea of gravity. If they threw this idea out of my head, declaring, for example, its superstitious and religious, then they would get rid of any risk of drowning. Throughout his life he fought against the illusion of gravity, regarding the harmful consequences which statistics gave him more and more new evidence. " This is the stupidity of so-called philosophical idealism (nicknamed the "German ideology") that does not explain people's consciousness of their deeds and actions, and vice versa, deeds and actions, "explains" their consciousness.

      From the standpoint of "smart", ie Marxist-Leninist dialectical, materialist society - is a product of the interaction of people. They make their own history, thought, at the same time, the way they work and really live. Consequently, the people themselves determine their own forms and rules of life, which later in the thoughts, feelings, and in cases subject to each individual. Norms (nomos = 's), these they create essentially the same way as, for example, sew clothing or footwear, building a house, a family, a new factory, the railroad or the state.

      Clearly, as clothing, footwear or home, public relations people to each other, too, can, over time, become obsolete, bringing inconvenience and discomfort: "harvest", "choke" or "cut". That is, to infringe on the unity of the "organic" and "non-organic body, due to his living body. In a word, hold down the movement and life itself.

      It was then, and there is an eternal conflict between the old norms of life and new life circumstances. After all, both created by humans, not a god or mother nature. Both a public, ie general, for each individual, the condition of his life. But at the same time, they are mutually exclusive, putting people before a dilemma: either to live in the old, "as usual", to the detriment of their newly emerged needs and interests, or else to protect these interests by creating a new, more suitable and "convenient" (hence the "high!") norm. Mind mind - discord! It is relevant to this contradiction, and delineates just stupid people and those who are called by people of outstanding intelligence, or "reasonable."

      Here's how famous Athenian Solon. During his youth, Athens led to the city of Megara a long and grievous war over the island of Salamis, which is passed from hand to hand. Burnt by this, the Athenians finally passed a law which, under pain of death forbidden even to mention the citizens of this ill-fated island. Meanwhile, the people, and especially among the young, mature dissatisfaction, restrained, however, the threat of an imminent punishment.

      Seeing this, Solon went like this: some days he did not leave the house, spreading out on the town rumor that he was mad. Then, one fine day, he rushed to the area with a hat on his head (symbolizing the disease and patient).

      Mass of people came running. Solon jumped on the rock from which, typically, say spokesmen, and sang, composed by him in advance, a hymn. In it, he shamed his fellow citizens for their defeat in the war. Then some friends began to praise poems, and others ... advised to obey Solon. In the end, the Act on Punishment of death was immediately canceled, Solon was appointed as a strategist, and under his leadership, the Athenians won favorite island of Salamis.

      Here, it is this ability of the mind to resolve the contradictions, living skills to propose a new rule for the new conditions of life and has a philosophy called "reason".

      Agree, history would have been very poor and thousands of feet up on the spot, if people would possess only the ability to act (and think) only on any given scale. Therefore, "reasonable minds" and should be distinguished simply from the mind or, more precisely, of "reason".

     Intellect in the philosophy of mind is the ability to sum up the specific case under a general advance, we know the rule. For example, the task of the judges - "judge" contending citizens; bring their claims or actions under the relevant articles of the law. Because something and be a judge is not necessarily a person who has completed Law Institute. They can be any sane, ie, thoughtful citizen, and what are people's assessors, for example.

      In common parlance is called the wise men of anyone who is daily and hourly coordinate their actions with long-standing customs and norms of life. Psychologically, he lives "like everyone else, looking at others and not wanting to, for example, lag behind its neighbors. It should not be confused with a conformist. Unlike the latter, considered strictly kept certain rules without changing them from today to tomorrow, with extraordinary ease. Usually it is - the person is positive and what is called decent. Often known for good and important things. However, in the critical situations of life, he could hardly dares to solutions, and more often seeking advice or example. For instance, if he chooses a profession, comes to college or buying a car, not so much because it is needed specifically for him, but because "the institute are all" and "machine has been in many" ... "Sometimes lives not so as he wants, but as my aunt want "- it is said the people on the extreme manifestation of reason.

      However, "extraordinary intelligence" should not be confused with, very close to him standing red-rechiem and "sharp-umiem. Wit is someone who is alive and deftly able to "grasp" the contradictions and then bring them to self-denial, and (or) the point of absurdity. Moreover, the subject of ridicule is, as a rule, it is insane.

      Here is an example of the legendary wit Birbal - Vizier and the hero of folk legends the Indian sultan Akbar.

      One evening, Sultan and Birbal were cheerful conversation.
Sultan and said:

      - Birbal! Wonderful dream I dreamed last night. If we're flying in the skies and suddenly fall. I fell into a pit of honey, and you're in a cesspool. And then I woke up.

      - Lord of the world! - The hour said Birbal. - Here's wonders! And I saw last night the same dream. Just my dream to something that is not over. When we got out of the pits, I began to lick you, and you - me.

      The Sultan did not know what to answer, and, ashamed, silent.

 

      The essence of wit, but applied already to the very same insatiable wit, is well expressed in the proverb: "not an island. Pinpoint - to leave the land. "

 
Keys to wisdom.

      "Reason - wrote the young Karl Marx - that universal independence of thought, which applies to all things so, as required by Essence of the thing itself." But, glancing around, we see that "the most essential thing for a man in this world is a" thing ", as ... the man himself, ie, human personality.

      In other words, man for man is "the goal of all goals" - its main objective the ability to distinguish the "thing-purpose" and "things-tools" in life, ie see a human in man ", estimating this angle and others and himself, carries the name of morality. Sometimes morality is called "practical reason". He - a kind of X-ray, is displayed in a sphere of our lives and how relationships between people, where a person applies to a person just as a person to person. And it is here at the "ends and means, usually fastened all of life's conflicts of men.

 
- Please help me understand life. Here, for example, who am I? Until the tenth grade, and then? I do not want to learn, tired of a decade, no longer enjoy the Five. I can not work, do not want to, and did I created for the machine? It is simply beneath my dignity. I have almost no problems: study - comes easily, my friends - many of them, cloth - of course "firm" Love - call him, escaped. In general, live bored (and if you think about it, maybe scary?) - Refers to the editor of the youth newspaper "replaced" "Schoolgirl of the city of Sverdlovsk.

     

      The situation is clearly no laughing matter: challenges in life - no, well ... hard! And even more, scary. So we can formulate the most important from a number of issues raised in the letter to a young sverdlovchanki. What is her essence?

      It is one thing - to know what is necessary for life, even all these tools have a (excellent study, a roof over their heads, complimentary communication and fashionable clothes). Another thing - to be able, or at least, to represent: to live for? With that, of course, be - better than "not-present", and, behold, the "know-what" - is much preferable to just "be." Yes, and be able to something much better than "have". For every "name" in the university of human life is merely a special case of what is called culture, ie ability ... to be able.

      The difficulty, therefore, was the question of the main goals of human existence, the meaning of his life. Be able to answer it - then, to find wisdom. And wisdom - is mind-oriented morality.

      So, how to achieve wisdom?

      Reflecting on this question, the famous German philosopher Immanuel Kant, nearly two hundred years ago, said: "The man reaches the full use of their mind, if we bear in mind his ability (the ability to carry out any intention to), approximately twenty years, bearing in mind the conventional wisdom ( ability to use other people for their own purposes) - to the forty, and wisdom it reaches approximately sixty years, but in this last period - sadly observes philosophy - wisdom is fairly negative: it gives us to understand the stupidity of the first two periods.

      Of course, one could strongly argue with the great thinker of the dates. Like, not without a positive result for the world of philosophy, argued with him at first Fichte, Hegel, and then ... But one thing is certain: the wisdom is the result of a large vital work. She - that is acquired only exclusively on their own. We can not be wise "for" more!

      But it was "a reasonable man" has the willpower and pronounced their own right. That's about it they say: "My brother and his mind - his," "To the people consulted, and his mind did not lose," "Who him wrong, he and another reason not to guide," "Pop da god until the mind is bad, but with a clear mind and without them will live. "

      Independence of this in no way be confused with stubbornness or inexplicable whim, on the principle: to spite her husband sit in a puddle. After all, smart manifests itself not in the minutiae and trivia, but in the sphere of social life (ie all - total): ethics and culture - where are concentrated the interests of all. Therefore, even though he sometimes goes "not like everyone else, it is still his example, in the end, it becomes the norm for any normal, ie reasonable man.

      Known this, here, historical and biographical facts. When 17-year-old Volodya Ulyanov was arrested for participating in student unrest and expelled from Kazan, then between him and the police officer took place a short but typical conversation:
- What do you buntuete, young man? After all, before you wall.
- The wall, so rotten, tkni - and collapse - replied, without hesitation, the future Lenin.
Where is now possible to find someone who would believe in earnest, though imperial power, as private ownership of the truth is sacred and inviolable?

      "The kingdom of truth" in the People's Political Economy of the Russian working class, but already, under the Soviet regime - a team contract. Today, in particular, he is, literally, the backbone of a comprehensive restructuring of social relations.

      Born, he does not applause. "The brigade, in a row ... Shabashka some!" - That responded to him in the beginning, leading "experts" and the economic organs of the USSR. This is understandable: the team of workers "included" in fact, their superiors, ie, efficiently, objectively and without words, performing real socialization of the means of production - were taken into their own hands as much himself Gosplan. Classic team contract Vladislav Serikov recalls: "In an interview with Union Radio, I stated that we are going to take a contract for construction of South Murmansk district heating, and call for the tournament team NA Zlobin. To guide such a statement was a surprise - like a bolt from the blue. " - But the deed was done. The identity of thinking and being, but "without the permission of the authorities" has been proven. And now openly against a team contract no objection, no one ...

      That's right, manifesting itself in overcoming common challenges and in severe cases, the mind attracts other people. "In a clever head a hundred hands" - noted by the people on this account.

      If no morals, no wisdom, no reason is not the most moral. Because it can not be morality where there is no ability to choose their own rule (goal) a life where there is no ability to authorize every time a contradiction between good and evil. "So if someone, for example, has called someone reasonable, then it wants to express that this man has the ability to discern what is to be preferred or should beware," wrote Eastern thinker IX - X cc Al-Farabi. "Therefore, it is reasonable, however, and virtuous" - he concludes.

      But there is no reason, too, and human happiness.

 

                                 Decent luck on the right is given,

                                 Decent benefit to the glory given.

                                                 Reasonable does not know selfish concerns,

                                                 A wise man in the unknown flaw.

                                 Prudent and wise must be in

                                 Only wise men in the affairs succeeded

                                                 Use of reason is strong and wise

                                                 And the reason the foundation of all good and well.

 

      - Thought the Turkic poet of the eleventh century, Yusuf Balasagunsky in his poem "The Beneficial Knowledge".

      That is why honesty is akin to mind and that is a liar, a scoundrel or a rogue are the real fools. "The trick - a sign of the near crazy" - said in this connection is already familiar to us La. After a cheat completely closes its way to trust and understanding from others. And, therefore, the path to happiness. Happiness - it's a state of intelligent beings in the world, when all its existence is in accordance with his will and desire - Kant argued. "Happiness is crazy about that leaky scrip" - solidarity with the Russian people's wisdom. For the main thing that surrounds us in a world of bliss that await it - other people.

      Once, responding to the survey question: what is happiness? - Karl Marx said: "Fighting!" For co-operation with others on the basis of common interests of all workers in the struggle for the greatest good for the greatest number of people - this is the surest guarantee of personal happiness.

      Science of the mind, ie, ability to resolve the contradictions of life in the thoughts, feelings, words and deeds, is a materialist dialectics. Studying it in the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin, every young person can acquire real and not imaginary fullness of life, learn to build their personal destiny under the laws of all the Unity of Goodness, Truth and Beauty.

 

                                                                                                           1984; 1986.

                                        

               Valery Molchanov, PhD,

                                                              Scientific Secretary of the Ural Branch

                                                                    Philosophical Society of the USSR,

                                                                                     Akad.

                               "In place", "August 7, 1986 Circulation 155,000.