July 21, 1989 New customs regulations were lifted all restrictions on the export of Soviet gold and precious stones. Seventy-year labor of the Soviet people to accumulate gold reserves of the country was destroyed in an instant. Gold in the incredible scale hitherto thrown away in the domestic market , and then acquired by the internal prices of the USSR , were exported abroad , and then sold at world prices.
How much was taken out of gold?
In 2002, economist VA Dirty - the largest expert GOKHRAN - published three great articles ( both - on the entire strip ) on the history and dynamics of production and market of gold and precious stones. Here are the data V. Graznova :In 1985, the gold reserves of the USSR amounted to 2,500 tons .In 1991, this stock was reduced to 250 tons.In addition to the 2,250 tons of gold reserves mined evaporated in 1986-90 . additional 1,500 tons .
* One gram of gold in the days of the Soviet Union was worth about 50 rubles. At the same time, the global market of 1 g of gold was worth $ 13 ( black market rate in 1991 : 30-33 rubles to the dollar) .
Andrew FURSOV " Fulton beginning." sourceGentsid name Gaidar
From March 1991 to March 1992 inclusive , inflation in Russia amounted to 1,350 % , for the three months January to March 1992 - 520 %, and for all in 1992 - more than 2,500 %. In general, Gaidar's "market reforms" of the sample in 1992 is genocide of the Russian people and other peoples of our country - the genocide carried out by means of economic and social measures.
voucher privatizationVoucher privatization ( transfer of state property into private hands ) , carried out in 1992-1994 . Its officially stated goal was to create in Russia a powerful class of property owners. To do this, a significant part of the State Property : plants , factories , shops , pharmacies , cinemas , transport , municipal land , and so on - it was decided to transfer to citizens free of charge ! Technically ensure that transmission just had a specially created " voucher mechanism ."Over the past five years, Russia has had a similar example of generosity power in relation to his people . However, according to the keen observation of the ex- Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin , we usually happens like this: "We wanted to be better, but it turned out as always ." But again, the original idea of equitable distribution of state property was amazing in their generosity .For example, to streamline the process of privatization and the general suppression of any scams , a draft law "On personal privatization accounts and deposits in the USSR ." According to the law for every citizen of Russian state-owned bank to be opened nominal privatization bill that will ensure its holder the right to share in the distributed free of state and municipal property .The law did not allow any transfer of privatization accounts to other persons ( not to irresponsible citizens obegorivali different geeks ) .Later, however, such a wise and fair mechanism for personal accounts was somehow abolished. Instead, it came down to the mass distribution of vouchers - vouchers. These securities were not registered . They seem to have been invented specifically for the concentration in the hands of the few - those who , unlike inexperienced in matters of the economy most knew exactly how to dispose of them in the busy season , when put up for auction the property of one of the richest countries in the world .Some experts in such circumstances do not see nothing wrong with believing that justice - is when everyone gets the chance, let alone how it will dispose of them , that's his business ( like an old man on Darwin : " Survival of the fittest and cunning ").Well, this is acceptable , but with the fundamental caveat: if the population gets the maximum accurate information on their rights and opportunities , and monitors compliance with the state power of equality of opportunity.We have the same state chose to evade the role of a fair arbiter. And what about the information because at the time of its voucher privatization did have a lot , but it only confuses many . For example, one of the main architects of the reform is not just in their statements to the media assured the population that the voucher for real , that is, the market value will pull as much as two " Volga" . But in practice, in the subway for this bumazhentsiyu given the price of two bottles of vodka.
The case Filshin
In February 1991 (the last year of Gorbachev's rule ) in papers published an interesting story . Gennady Filshin , Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade in the new Russian government of Boris Yeltsin ( in contrast to the Soviet Prime Minister Mikhail Gorbachev ) reportedly worked on the deal , which aims - to get $ 7.5 billion in return for 150 billion rubles . Counterparty was unknown to the British company " Dove Trading International ." It was led by an Englishman who moved to South Africa. Under the deal , " Dove Trading" the Russian government sold 7.5 billion dollars, and the proceeds to buy Russian Ruble goods and fueled by export enterprises . Will the dollars received by the Russian government , in an offshore area or will be transferred to Russia , was unclear . It was not clear something else: where such a company is unimportant , as the " Dove Trading" could take as many dollars? Later, the European law enforcement agencies have put forward the version - a British company may have acted in the interests of the Colombian cartel drug trade. But before the transaction took place , its details were leaked to the Soviet press . The Russian parliament began to understand and deal banned . Filshin had to resign , the very same investigation was dropped . [113]A similar operation took place in November 1990 in the offshore area on the British island of Jersey , between the Soviet Central Bank and the Paris financial structure , the services of which often resorted KGB. This company was called the «Financial Management With ", or «Fimaco». Over the five years to 90 years «Fimaco» hide the wires for the Russian Central Bank's operations on a huge amount (estimated at the time of the former attorney general Skuratova - $ 50 billion ) and profits - of hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars - settled in the offshore zone . Evidence that these profits have returned to Russia , no , they were distributed among private banks , consulting firms , non-profit foundations . [114]The vast resources of the Central Committee and the KGB , hidden abroad rarely forwarded ordinary bank transfer . After all, at first they wanted to wash . The easiest way to hide the movement of a large sum in an offshore zone - make a fake contract with a foreign firm. By the end of the Gorbachev era operations in Soviet foreign trade began to get extremely unconventional character.
Paul Khlebnikov " Godfather of the Kremlin , Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russian history ."
fake memos
For embezzlement in a large scale were used fake memos . Aviso (Italian avviso) - this is the official documentation of notice applies to banks and their agencies to account for netting . This problem is particularly acute in Russia has become , where the official Ministry of Internal Affairs in the early nineties were 110 criminal cases of theft by false memo , by which the fraudsters managed to steal from the state for more than 150 billion rubles! And the majority of these cases have remained unsolved.Scheme with fake memo was extremely simple. Through friends and with the help of bribery attackers learned the necessary codes and passwords and then sent fake memo in units of the Russian Central Bank and received stolen money from the state to the accounts of front -day firms . Then these firms disappeared without a trace , along with the stolen money .In an interview, the former leader of the breakaway Chechnya , General Johar Dudayev , said: " We sent to you ( ie in Russia - approx. Aut.) Different pieces of paper , and instead I brought aircraft with bags of money." But even then, there were reports in the press that billions of rubles received by criminals using forged memos , left not only in Chechnya , but also abroad - to the accounts of Russian officials and businessmen .Journalists argued that the main organizers of this fraud were high-ranking Russian banking officials from the Central Bank of Russia
Chechen advice http://chinovnikam.net/content/11/1848/1.html
In December 1992 , officers of the Department for Combating Economic Crimes detained citizen who moved to the account of his company of 500 million rubles under a false credit memos . Memo came from Makhachkala bank " Meseda " established cooperative association of Dagestan . [3] In 1992, an investigation was carried out the abduction of more than 1 billion rubles. with fake memo from the Moscow Industrial Bank [ 4].In total, according to the newspaper "Kommersant" , for the year 1992 from the Central Bank was stolen more than 600 billion rubles . [5] In a press release, the Main Department of the Central Bank of Russia in Moscow on September 13, 1995 stated that " from December 1992 to September 1995 in Moscow RCC was found about 2,900 fake memos totaling more than 800 billion rubles" . [6]According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs from 1995 to 1992 were opened 328 criminal cases in which the damage was more than 94 billion rubles. , In 1993 - 469 cases of damage 148 billion rubles. , In 1994 - 120 cases of damage to the 175 billion rub. Only the Investigative Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in 1992-1994 was investigating 11 cases , involving 2,393 counterfeit note for the amount of more than 113 billion rubles. In cashing stolen sums involved 892 Bank and 1547 businesses in 68 regions of Russia . [7]Leveraged auktsionyZalogovye auctions were undertaken in 1995 in order to replenish the state treasury by loans secured by government stakes in several large companies (such as the " Yukos ", " Norilsk Nickel ", " Sibneft") . The government did not return credits, so stakes became the property of the creditors [ 8] [ 9].The amount of money that was to get the government was about 1.85% of the revenue side of the federal budget . [10]The idea of auctions in order to supplement the budget put forward Vladimir Potanin , who led the " ONEKSIM bank." The initiative was supported by the then first deputy prime minister Anatoly Chubais and Deputy Prime Minister Oleg Soskovets [ 11] ( it is the latter , according to the then Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation Sergei Dubinin , the first to raise the issue of auction at a cabinet meeting [12 ]). He was responsible for conducting the auctions Alfred Koch, head of the State Property Committee .As a result, shares auctions appeared billionaire oligarchs ( Berezovsky , Khodorkovsky , Abramovich and others)The report of the Audit Chamber of Russia " Analysis of the processes of privatization of state property in the Russian Federation during the years 1993-2003 ," published in 2004 , lists the violations that occurred during the mortgage auctions , and concludes that " as a result of the alienation of shares auctions of federal property was produced at significantly reduced prices , and competition actually wore make-believe character ". [13 ]. B.Chubays , A.R.Koh equally with Potanin , Khodorkovsky , Smolensk , Berezovsky , Abramovich and certain other persons are responsible for the organization of gratuitous alienation of federal property in December 1995 through the securities auctions in the form of sham transactions.From the point of view of criminal law, we , apparently, have to deal with the theft of federal property by a criminal conspiracy in the form of fraud is not just a large scale , and in an unprecedented large scale. The cost of only the most expensive and strategically important six auctions in 1995 was deliberately understated by more than 20 times (! ) And amounted to only $ 1,867 million total in 1.5 , the shares of these companies in the free market is already worth $ 39713 million, but in reality winners pledge auctions at the government paid nothing . In this regard, the proposal of Mr. Gref solve the problems of privatization in the form of loans for shares by political means is unreasonable and anti-state .
pyramid schemes
From the activities of pyramid schemes affected millions of Russian citizens. Only the sad memory of the victims of "MMM " - 15 million. The amount by which the total of the Russians were robbed , comparable to the annual budget of Russia ! Approximately the same situation in many other countries of the CIS. According to the Agency for Social Information , in the early 90s in Russia in 1800 was a pyramid scheme. In 1993-1995 in Moscow alone, the money collected from the population of about two thousand firms ( not including 800 banks , most of which then " burst "). In 1997, the Federal Commission for the Securities Market sent to the Interior Ministry and Prosecutor General's Office materials about 984 unlicensed companies for criminal cases . More than 700 cases were opened . Actually went to jail a few scams.
Pyramids on robbery
11 largest financial pyramids era of the 1990s
The name of the pyramid
executives
How many people are deceived ( the official)
How much money ( in the non-denominated rubles)" Russian House of Selenga "
Alexander Salomadin , Sergey Georgian
2400000
About 2.8 trillion" Cholerine West "
Leah Konstantinov , Leo Konstantinov, Tahir Abbas , Oleg Suzdaltsev
4000000
2.6 trillion (including 1.5 billion vouchers )ECP "Lord "
Valentine Solovyov
24 thousand
536700000000" Russian Real Estate"
Cyril Zozulja
1400000
1.5-2 trillionJSC "Tibet"
Vladimir Dryamov
200 thousand
1500000000000JSC "MMM"
Sergei Mavrodi
10000000
20000000000000Bank " Chara "
Marina Frantseva , Vladimir Rachuk
87 thousand
1500000000000JSC " Hermes -Finance"
Vladimir Teplitskii
62 thousand
200000000000JSC " ABBA "
Boris Berezovsky
2700000
$ 50 millionJSC " Albee Diplomat"
Oleg Boyko
1700000
200000000000" L.E.N.I.N. "
Alexey Kozyrev
2300000
25000000000-----------------------------------
State GKO pyramid" The strategic maneuver "
Issue of state short-term bonds (GKO ), the Russian government began to implement in 1993. Some analysts believe this event is an attempt to court a new formation economists civilized way to fill state coffers , to curb inflation and the general situation in the country to create a common economic prosperity . But it is worth noting that these same " bright minds " and at the same time, " plant" our economy on drug needle regular loans International Monetary Fund. From the standpoint of our time, it is clear that such methods of recovery of the Russian economy have been nothing but obvious adventures .Feeder favoritesAt first , when the transactions with T-bills brought buyers astronomical profits , strangers to this market is almost not allowed . The system was based on the principle of narrow corporate business in which the fattest pieces get only his own, but fall to outsiders only pitiful scraps.Thus , the state represented by the Ministry of Finance and with the active participation of the Central Bank borrowed large sums in the tens of billions of rubles only "native" authorized banks. Authorized banks quickly overgrown "customers" ( the smaller provincial banks , and various related foundations and companies ) who are just patronizing them through financial institutions could also get a welcome piece . This is exactly how the food chain in the African savannah : first prey hunted down and showered lions, after they come to the half-eaten carcass of smaller predators , then there are hyenas and, finally, the last on the gnawed bones of land winged scavengers - vultures . Russia's economy in the era of "wild capitalism" torn to pieces and gnawing the same way. Everything happened very quickly and clearly. Bankers purchased in bulk package of T-bills on financial measures " fought " almost immediately - within three months - a maximum of a year . That is strictly through the allotted time, robbing people with taxes , and by the way , again taking money from their pets , bankers, government ( in the person of the then elite) fully pay its debts SCG, of course, with interest. And these percentages were incredibly high: from 20 to 100 or more per annum in U.S. ! It is clear that the fall in the number of authorized bank can only but through connections or for a huge bribe.It would be strange if such a grand pickings done without people's power. Understandably, most admitted to sharing out the pie bankers consisted of family or friends with the right people in the government. And it is quite natural that , having turned from a simple bank commissioner , made happy so commercial structure required to return to his benefactor debt in the monetary and physical form or another. Often, as a gratitude to the prosperous reign in the field of T-bills were introduced relatives bank official from the Ministry of Finance or the Central Bank, or from the Office of the President. In short, do not forget your Fire .The staff of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market has compiled a list of 780 officials of the federal and regional levels, which are actively playing on the GKO market . But state officials are not legally entitled to carry on financial activities.agonyBy the summer of 1998 the mechanism of T-Bills scored frenzied pace , sucking the last juices out of the country . Suffice it to say that the monthly payments on this type of securities in May - July 1998 amounted to 20-35 billion rubles. And this despite the fact that during those same months tax revenues do not exceed 20 billion rubles! That is, the tax department knocked out of public funds only to immediately throw them into the fiery furnace -hot T-bills . There , the government was forced to channel funds from the emergency of the country 's gold reserves , foreign loans , the profit from the sale of new batches of T-bills .The national debt swelled in her eyes , turning into a monster that would soon devour the Russian financial system . It was like a horror movie ! In this case, the old players by hook or by crook tried to avoid further involvement in the scam , which is of an attractive long become a danger .It's not clear what events triggered panic among the holders of T-bills . Most likely , the avalanche had brought down the statements of the Central Bank of the temporary reduction in payments on government bonds and lengthening the maturity of the money to investors. Escape from this market led the Russian banks , they were followed by foreigners. And all the calls of officials to domestic bankers to " act patriotically " has no effect on the frightened businessmen who dreamed of was to save their financial assets . However, there are serious doubts that this market had fallen off accidentally .losing arithmeticThe five-year duration of the T-bills literally devastated the country's finances . In five years, the federal budget so managed to raise a total 87.2 billion rubles, or about 18.6 billion dollars. In this case, at the end of May 1998 the cumulative national debt on T-bills reached about 440 billion rubles, or 71.98 billion. Thus, for every dollar , attracted to the federal budget by SCG, Russia had to pay investors about $ 4 . At some point, the continuation of further operations on T-bills was for a state like death . The government had to reduce payments on the obligations of short-term bonds , and then August 1998 was defaulted (termination payments) on bonds of T-bills in the amount of approximately $ 40 billion .defaultOn Monday, August 17, 1998 the government and the central bank issued a statement , the essence of which was to ensure that the interests of the normalization of the financial and budgetary policy of the state to temporarily stop payments on GKO - criminal mechanism , six years is extorted money from our pockets , was finally stopped . But law-abiding citizens of this have not won anything . Honest Russians just now had to drink the full measure of goryushko . The entire financial system was paralyzed : the banks have frozen the accounts of individuals and firms ; literally within a few hours of the ruble collapsed , immediately flew up the prices of basic consumer goods . Millions of people many times over the years have lost their savings, tens of thousands of honest businessmen were ruined , and many businesses just starting to rise after the collapse of the Soviet planned economic system , were again overthrown in a deep knockout .As a result of the 1998 financial crisis in Russia has become much more than the poor . This means that these people do not even have enough money for the necessary food. In the summer of 1998 had incomes below the subsistence minimum 47 % of the population , then a year later ( summer of 1999 ) of 56% was mainly due to the " poor " and "middle" of the population. Even in Moscow, the number of "poor" since August 1998 has increased from 16 to 25 %. At the end of February 1999 the number of unemployed has reached the absolute maximum for the entire period of reform in 90 years : 10.4 million people.
export of capital
Figure 1 Net import / export of capital from Russia
In 2008 , during the financial crisis abroad was removed more than $ 130 billion total for the last 4.5 years the country capital outflows amounted to about $ 350 billion is comparable to the size of the annual federal budget.In 2011, the outflow of capital from Russia amounted to 80.5 billion dollars
Figure 7 . Gocudarstvenny Russia's foreign debt and external debt of corporations
Source http://rusrand.ru/analytics/ottok-kapitala-iz-rossii-postanovka-problemy
The outflow of capital from Russia for six months has exceeded 38 billionNet capital outflow from Russia in the first six months of this year was, according to preliminary estimates of the Central Bank , 38.1 billion dollars. This is according to the Bank of Russia , published on the website of the regulator.In the second quarter of Russia was withdrawn $ 9.1 billion . Compared with the first quarter, when the country " under the bridge " $ 29 billion , outflows slowed at about three times. However, the semi-annual outflow has exceeded the official forecast of Ministry of Economic Development of 30-35 billion dollars.July 1 Economic Development Minister Alexei Ulyukayev said in an interview with "Prime" that by the end of this year, the outflow of capital from Russia could amount to $ 50 billion .Originally, officials expected that in 2013 the country will see no more than $ 10 billion. In April, the official forecast of Ministry of Economic Development has been aggravated by almost three times.
Last time the inflow into Russia was fixed on the basis of pre-crisis 2007 . In 2011, the outflow of capital from the country was the highest in three years and reached 80.5 billion dollars. In 2012, the withdrawal of the Russian economy has slowed down to 56.8 billion.
Robbery continues ..........
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