If vouchers are impersonal , so it needed someone20 years ago Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On the introduction of the system of vouchers in the Russian Federation ."There are discrepancies about the date of the fateful decree. Precise: Yeltsin signed document delivered on August 14 , and a week later , on the 21st, it came into force . Who knew then that this decree starts counting Black August the new democratic Russia ?
FOR TWO "Volga" HANDS !I remember well the time. We were told that the Russians finally become owners. In fact , not just in words , as under communism . For this all -people's state ownership the new democratic authorities appreciated . And shared among all the inhabitants from small to large . A citizen of the Russian Federation had the then 10 thousand rubles. However, instead of money each handed a nice crispy piece of paper on that amount. Privatization check , called the Polish style voucher. Not free, by the way. Had to pay a voucher for 25 ruble . Trifle , of course , against ten thousand . But across the country ... And to muddle-headed narodishku was clear how happy he rolled a freebie from reformers mladoj market genius Chubais said voucher de worth two "Volga" ! Knew Dodger to beat that . "Volga" was the dream of the Soviet man . They are usually in the USSR went chiefs .
I bought a twelve year before that "Volga" . In Prague , where he worked as a correspondent of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" . On Czech roads still ran the old lady , and there was petrol better. But as he returned home in '92 , began to break down constantly .
And just then began to distribute vouchers . My family as much as eight new "Volga " got . Thank Chubais benefactor ! But the car was not given a share of the whole people , alas. Even seedy "Moskvich" . Vouchers had to invest somewhere to get a share from the factories, newspapers, steamships and thrive . And I began to think , wonder how to wrap those checks into real values . Over the three years of my trips abroad at home , much has changed . The country itself has become another . And builds public changed . Tried to consult with friends . But they themselves puzzled what to do with vouchers . All were in complete disarray . And time is running out . Do not enclose a voucher - giknetsya . In the end he gave the family a part of the public property in the fund advertised "Hermes" . His boss ( forgot the name ) such mountains of gold promised Chubais not fit to hold a candle .A neighbor village , Fedorovich , a bottle of vodka on your voucher exchanged . He economic savvy . Under Brezhnev, the general store was in charge .
I regretted Fyodoritch . Oh, sglupoval man! But his eyes did not mention it , so as not to upset . He himself was waiting for " Hermes " promises considerable dividends. New "Volga" buy to start planning . Old worn out repair . But the dividends were a penny . A crafty "Hermes" offered advantageous scheme : More denezhek reported later vouchers get an apartment . And I have two sons grow up . The family council decided - the new "Volga" wait. Tea, not the boss , poezzhu and old . It is necessary for children to think about housing . Reported in addition to the money vouchers .
And soon the "Hermes" is missing. With my blood and thousands of vouchers. Like a lot of other voucher investment firms , funds with high-sounding titles , klyavshihsya citizens turn their vouchers in the golden rain .
I'm already thinking about Fedorychev respect . Former shopkeeper even got a bottle . I was left on the beans . On the old "Volga" , but still a loss . Like many compatriots .Understand now : my vouchers along with millions of others, collected crafty "Hermes" , bought up for vodka , sugar and a penny from gullible citizens , put in boxes , "Lada " and surfaced at auctions buying up shares of other giants of Soviet industry , built by the entire nation. And all my vouchers are not found in the new masters type Bendukidze , peresevshih soon with "Lada" by Mercedes and personal aircraft. ( According to legend, brought Bendukidze 130,000 vouchers for auction of shares " Uralmash " precisely " Lada ". Said climbed vouchers and other future oligarchs - Deripaska , Friedman , Bogdanov and partly Potanin . Guys knew when and where to invest bags depersonalized vouchers !)But as an honest democratic leadership could circle around my finger ? Authorities themselves , fathers privatization later expostulated like me , poor guy , saying that their fault proved ineffective managers missed goldfish out of hand. And the "Volga" .
Give acceleration of privatization !Only recently, the famous economist Andrei Illarionov , who knows the liberal- reformist kitchen sensibly muddle-headed journalist explained why I and my vouchers left with nothing .- Few people remember already knows , but in 1991 the Supreme Soviet of Russia , the Congress of People's Deputies adopted a law "On personal privatization accounts and deposits in the Russian Federation ." ( Illarionov I believe it, but just in case checked . Sam-I do not remember , since 1991, has worked in Prague . Indeed, there was such a law. According to it, every citizen of Russia was to receive nominal privatization account to which monies credited intended to pay for state property . law does not permit the sale of privatization contributions to others ! - E.CH. ) initiator and one of the authors of the law was Peter S. Filippov, chairman of the subcommittee on the privatization of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. When Chubais put on privatization in government, between him and began Filippov tough debate. In the end this fight Chubais "ate" my colleague and comrade-in- Petersburg club "Perestroika" .
In my opinion, with personal accounts Filippova privatization in Russia would pass slowly, but just. And would have given many people the opportunity to participate in the process , with the understanding of what they are doing. Vouchers , shares , investment funds - it was all new, incomprehensible to the vast majority of people who came out of the USSR. Required time and effort to figure out what's what. However, the new government has chosen tactics naive foray : faster, faster ! To no time to recover and understand what is happening . Accelerated privatization was perfect for this one ." Having eaten " Filippova , Chubais gracefully cranked later surgery to replace the already legalized registered accounts anonymous vouchers. Waited th August 1992 , when deputies went on holiday . And Yeltsin signed a decree vouchers .
- What is the meaning of the operation ?- Then, according to the emergency powers given to the Congress president , Yeltsin's decree went into effect if, within one week, it did not reject the Supreme Council . Deputies call this week from a vacation in Moscow vote against vouchers was physically impossible . Counting on that Chubais . So subtle ways have changed fundamentally the ideology of privatization and its legislation .
When autumn MPs returned to the capital , they realized how cynically deceived and offended their executive power - the government and the president , whom they have provided extraordinary powers . But it was too late . In any democratic country such action would be regarded as a grave crime against the constitutional order and would have led to the immediate resignation of those responsible. But not in Russia .
Only now there are so-called "Explanations" . Like, while Sberbank was not ready for the introduction of personal privatization contributions because it was technically difficult to do. But technical difficulties - not the reason for breaking the law. Difficult to do in a year? Do three years. Who are you in a hurry? In Poland, the mass privatization began to spend 6-7 years after the start of reforms. In China, after more than 30 years of reform , mass privatization has not yet begun. And it seems impossible to say that the reforms here and there have been unsuccessful. Rather, the contrary .
- And where China is now and where the Russian economy ? Heaven and earth.- The law is the law. And lies and deceit - from another repertoire. They are best demonstrate what was the essence of the people who conducted the privatization.Note the date of the introduction of vouchers and the beginning of the voucher privatization - 1992 . Citizens' savings accumulated over previous years and decades , including his grandmother's funeral , you were actually destroyed. The vast majority of people have been left funds for participation in privatization. They become beggars . Abandoning any compensation deposits in the Savings Bank , Gaidar has shown that private property of citizens it does not mean anything. It was his fundamental philosophical position , not having anything to do with liberalism , with no commitment to the rule of law elementary protecting private property. Deposits of citizens - this is private property . They were among tens of millions of citizens. This private property abolished a number of governments - not only Gaidar . But legalized its destruction , renouncing any compensation , Gaidar . Refusing to recognize the domestic public debt (deposits in the Savings Bank ) , Gaidar simultaneously recognized external public debt , thereby demonstrating a dual approach to the two groups of creditors of the Russian state and its preferences .
- In fact, was struck by a huge layer of the people, the future of the middle class. Which is considered a pillar of any democratic state . And not all after this blow up .- Alas, it was. Plus wild inflation in 1992 and subsequent years. At this point, and privatization has been conducted . The question arises whether such a hurry because Chubais , former savings that most people were destroyed, and new - created in the new environment - have not appeared yet ? If privatize a few years later , as it did in Poland , it would have been different owners . It seems that the time and method of privatization fantastic cynicism , which was accompanied , says a lot about who it spent and for what. "
Plant for penniesWhy express voucher privatization was carried out , it became clear to me when reading the secret memos directed to the then Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin ." Analysis of the first stage of privatization ." ( I will give only short excerpts . )"First in July 1994 ended the period of the voucher privatization in Russia. The State Duma in its decision № 378-1 of 9 December 1994 recognized its results unsatisfactory. First of all, this is reflected in a considerable part of Russian shortfall of revenue due to miscalculations in strategy and tactics of privatization. Total nominal value of the voucher fund (about 1.5 trillion rubles . ) Corresponded approximately to the carrying value of fixed assets at the end of Russia in 1991 (excluding residential buildings - 1.65 trillion rubles. Prices at the time) . But by October 1992, when the population began issuing vouchers , price liberalization process increased 20 times ... Thus, the total nominal value of the voucher fund initially was 20 times less than the cost of fixed assets. Buying up and reselling large batch vouchers , voucher investment funds actually ensured the transfer of state property owners for new real song. 500 largest Russian privatized enterprises worth at least $ 200 billion were actually sold for a pittance - about 7.2 billion U.S. dollars.
In fact there was the largest in the history of Russian squandering of state property , which in itself was one of the sources of the crisis and laid the foundations for many future conflicts aimed at the redistribution of property . Head of letters and reception of citizens of Russian Presidential Administration M.A.Mironov (outgoing A4- 8353 from 22.11.94 ) indicated on the basis of analysis of 4200 letters that in many letters relating to the theme of privatization heard expressions like "just another hoax ."
" Lottery " specificity elected in Russian version of the " voucher" privatization ( which consisted in the fact that from the very beginning was not clear on what state assets earmarked for implementation for checks) , not leading to the formation of a rational corporate structure , formed the majority of the population sustainable ( and rightly so ) the belief that it is not so much given its own , but as time expropriated .
Targets privatization distorted and incompetent intentional actions and in the Center and in the field , which dramatically kriminizirovalo situation. Numerous distortions in the process of carrying out a forced , not due to the Privatization Law , significantly undermined the foundations of the Russian state , weakened national security. "Copyright secret notes, the new head of the State Property Committee Vladimir Polevanov , who replaced the departed to increase Chubais , Chernomyrdin suggested it would be imprudent for the second phase , and create first commission to analyze and correct errors committed by the first stage. And entrust supervision of SPC engaged in privatization, another person. " Since most of the responsibility for omissions stage I is the First Deputy Prime Minister Anatoly Chubais , he is not interested in eliminating shortcomings and tried to old , largely discredited line in the area of privatization. "
Note left premiere January 18, 1995 . A week later fired Polevanov itself . So as not underfoot Chubais and other " prihvatizatorov . " And three months he spent not headed GKI. Although Yeltsin himself put Amur governor , far from the Moscow Games , to this important post .
- Formal impressive performance of voucher privatization , - says Vladimir Polevanov . - About 60 percent of domestic enterprises by the end of 1994. non- steel , 40 million Russians - the shareholders . According to Russian mass markedly surpassed the former Soviet bloc - I specifically ordered analysis . In the same Poland, where " market mentality " was much higher than ours , for three years , only 30 percent of privatized state-owned enterprises in Hungary - no more than 20. By the way, former brothers in the socialist camp vouchers from the outset were registered , they pawned real, not symbolic value of the property . Therefore, to replace them with a bottle of vodka or a kilo of sugar to anyone and did not occur . And we just so very many, if not most of the " shareholders" ordered their checks.
But what was behind the high rates and unprecedented scale Russian privatization ? State assets actually sold for a pittance. Feverishly . Its . In violation of even those poor laws , which were then . "
Soon after the notorious " loans auctions " , to give into the hands of the oligarchs for nothing pearls Soviet industry type "Norilsk Nickel" . The people in them are not even formally participated . Decree about these auctions Yeltsin also signed in August. 1995. Then followed a domineering pyramid scheme GKO default in August 98th . And much more ...One former speaker of the State Duma Gennady Seleznev told me , they say, the main reason for the shooting Yeltsin White House in 1993 - to prevent the abolition of parliament and return vouchers registered accounts. Frankly, I did not believe his former editor in chief , who took me to work in "Komsomolskaya Pravda" . Excuse me, Gennady ! Now, after meeting with Illarionov Polevanov , I believe .
But reformers numerous statements that they were in a hurry to privatization , a blind eye to her dishonesty only because they feared revenge Communists - I do not believe . It is as cunning as the two "Volga" for the voucher . If soberly analyze the progress of the "democratic reforms" that allegedly carried out in Russia to create numerous and mighty of owners , the middle class , we see in fact a very different picture .
Those reforms have arranged for the sake of national property , inherited from the Soviet Union , quickly migrated for pennies to a small group of advanced communist nomenklatura , which prevented Soviet ideology to live in the West . Plus caters its representatives appointed oligarchs and security services , which is popularly nicknamed " Family wallets ."
Recently flashed hope that justice belatedly , finally triumph . Promised to take tax from those who profited from the privatization of the unrighteous . As in England after privatization Madame Thatcher. Planned to introduce a luxury tax for new masters . Frighten and criminal charges of Power - chicks Chubais secreted capital offshore . We believe voted for justice. And after the election to " privatization tax" authorities put an end . About promised landing chicks Anatolia Borisych also never hear . A luxury tax for the nouveau riche , it seems, will result in property tax , which hit mostly on common owners of apartments and houses. Life goes on.
And the beginning of the process of enrichment fabulous advanced communist nomenclature laid 20 years ago Sly Yeltsin's decree on nameless vouchers , which repealed the law on personal privatization accounts.source
Philosophical anxiety.Bribes are smoothEngine tuning were " driving forces " Stasis .Sober people and honest citizens realized this a long time ago . Even when, instead of living prohindeev contemporaries newspapers began to kick dead Stalin ...But who are these driving forces of stagnation ?The strength of this - our old friend the master of life , all the familiar bureaucracy ( not to be confused with the employees and workers of the state administrative apparatus !) . She is all pervasive evil demon changes guises resets old , served as her political skin , napyalivaya over another.Here are her seven-year "wardrobe " : first, it was " communist " on the basis of anti-democracy and anti-patriotism within the USSR . Then - " Democrat " on the basis of anti-communism and anti-patriotism in terms of its collapse. Now bureaucracy has become suddenly " patriot " with a dash of democratic rhetoric and violent anticommunism in the new framework of "sovereign states".In the apt definition of the writer Boris Oleinik , such people - a " commutants ." That is, not people, and a species ...People , if he did not " ohlos " certainly respects the state , without which people will inevitably turn into monkeys.Since the beginning of the announced restructuring of people expected that public ownership , which literally " clung " bureaucracy , recruited from the ranks of the "Soviet intelligentsia" is actually transferred to its legal owner. Who is he? Yes , a farmer who has raised bread in the fields of homeland, a worker who does not make a marriage , and intellectual who is not lying, and thinking together with the workers and peasants.For a monopoly on thinking - no one else !Question: what to justify these expectations people had to do ? We will understand .From personal experience of life , everyone knows : all too often in the workplace person punished not for what it does not work , namely for the fact that it works ( or eager to work ) is good. Getting rid of a good employee for what he very existence exposes the actual idleness of his superiors , the bureaucracy would punish him with the help of the state. This - labor laws , job descriptions, the party committee and the trade union . Helpfully "public opinion" team often subsumed under an administrative conduct, so to speak, a "moral basis " : for quarrelsome disposition principle to expel !What was supposed to make our Society in 1985 ?First, to "revive" and dramatically intensify is still dead * Article 139 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ( prosecution for criticism ) . This would help significantly and reliably equalize the chances of winning the fight principled worker ( = member of society ! ), Generally an honest man with "administrative bullying " its chief bureaucrat . Honest State - against the " dishonorable state", to put it simply ...And secondly, it was necessary to "flip" the main production and legal attitudes in the workplace , ie state ownership . Namely, instead of hiring employees (they - the citizens of the State ) administration move to hire administration - labor collectives , ie direct labor employees .And these persistent attempts workers prosabotirovannye , however, party committees of the CPSU were .Ah, so ! Want to deprive me of private ownership of the state? Here's to you all! - Bureaucracy and promised ... the state of the USSR collapsed, dooming us all to transform into monkeys .- Ape to " Western-style " - advised its ideologists , local and foreign - and you will enter into a civilized space.As if to "civilized space " does not include a psychiatric hospital , public toilet , suburban dump or ... prison.The Council, however , was adopted . And now - VOUCHERS .What are they? It - instead of the symbols of ownership of the property.Voucher - is a receipt that the commutator bureaucracy should give people that they have for the destroyed state, people will not judge her .Took a voucher - and bribes are smooth !And no more claims do not can show ...A. Kazakov , a member of the working philosophy of the clubim. Joseph Dietzgen .Yekaterinburg .
" RHYTHM », № 108 (11751) , Saturday, 3 October 1992 . Circulation 5460 ." PUBLICITY », № 6 (132 ), 11 - 17 February 1993 Circulation 132,000 ." URAL NEWSPAPER », № 30 , October 1993 Circulation 13,000 .
FOR TWO "Volga" HANDS !I remember well the time. We were told that the Russians finally become owners. In fact , not just in words , as under communism . For this all -people's state ownership the new democratic authorities appreciated . And shared among all the inhabitants from small to large . A citizen of the Russian Federation had the then 10 thousand rubles. However, instead of money each handed a nice crispy piece of paper on that amount. Privatization check , called the Polish style voucher. Not free, by the way. Had to pay a voucher for 25 ruble . Trifle , of course , against ten thousand . But across the country ... And to muddle-headed narodishku was clear how happy he rolled a freebie from reformers mladoj market genius Chubais said voucher de worth two "Volga" ! Knew Dodger to beat that . "Volga" was the dream of the Soviet man . They are usually in the USSR went chiefs .
I bought a twelve year before that "Volga" . In Prague , where he worked as a correspondent of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" . On Czech roads still ran the old lady , and there was petrol better. But as he returned home in '92 , began to break down constantly .
And just then began to distribute vouchers . My family as much as eight new "Volga " got . Thank Chubais benefactor ! But the car was not given a share of the whole people , alas. Even seedy "Moskvich" . Vouchers had to invest somewhere to get a share from the factories, newspapers, steamships and thrive . And I began to think , wonder how to wrap those checks into real values . Over the three years of my trips abroad at home , much has changed . The country itself has become another . And builds public changed . Tried to consult with friends . But they themselves puzzled what to do with vouchers . All were in complete disarray . And time is running out . Do not enclose a voucher - giknetsya . In the end he gave the family a part of the public property in the fund advertised "Hermes" . His boss ( forgot the name ) such mountains of gold promised Chubais not fit to hold a candle .A neighbor village , Fedorovich , a bottle of vodka on your voucher exchanged . He economic savvy . Under Brezhnev, the general store was in charge .
I regretted Fyodoritch . Oh, sglupoval man! But his eyes did not mention it , so as not to upset . He himself was waiting for " Hermes " promises considerable dividends. New "Volga" buy to start planning . Old worn out repair . But the dividends were a penny . A crafty "Hermes" offered advantageous scheme : More denezhek reported later vouchers get an apartment . And I have two sons grow up . The family council decided - the new "Volga" wait. Tea, not the boss , poezzhu and old . It is necessary for children to think about housing . Reported in addition to the money vouchers .
And soon the "Hermes" is missing. With my blood and thousands of vouchers. Like a lot of other voucher investment firms , funds with high-sounding titles , klyavshihsya citizens turn their vouchers in the golden rain .
I'm already thinking about Fedorychev respect . Former shopkeeper even got a bottle . I was left on the beans . On the old "Volga" , but still a loss . Like many compatriots .Understand now : my vouchers along with millions of others, collected crafty "Hermes" , bought up for vodka , sugar and a penny from gullible citizens , put in boxes , "Lada " and surfaced at auctions buying up shares of other giants of Soviet industry , built by the entire nation. And all my vouchers are not found in the new masters type Bendukidze , peresevshih soon with "Lada" by Mercedes and personal aircraft. ( According to legend, brought Bendukidze 130,000 vouchers for auction of shares " Uralmash " precisely " Lada ". Said climbed vouchers and other future oligarchs - Deripaska , Friedman , Bogdanov and partly Potanin . Guys knew when and where to invest bags depersonalized vouchers !)But as an honest democratic leadership could circle around my finger ? Authorities themselves , fathers privatization later expostulated like me , poor guy , saying that their fault proved ineffective managers missed goldfish out of hand. And the "Volga" .
Give acceleration of privatization !Only recently, the famous economist Andrei Illarionov , who knows the liberal- reformist kitchen sensibly muddle-headed journalist explained why I and my vouchers left with nothing .- Few people remember already knows , but in 1991 the Supreme Soviet of Russia , the Congress of People's Deputies adopted a law "On personal privatization accounts and deposits in the Russian Federation ." ( Illarionov I believe it, but just in case checked . Sam-I do not remember , since 1991, has worked in Prague . Indeed, there was such a law. According to it, every citizen of Russia was to receive nominal privatization account to which monies credited intended to pay for state property . law does not permit the sale of privatization contributions to others ! - E.CH. ) initiator and one of the authors of the law was Peter S. Filippov, chairman of the subcommittee on the privatization of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. When Chubais put on privatization in government, between him and began Filippov tough debate. In the end this fight Chubais "ate" my colleague and comrade-in- Petersburg club "Perestroika" .
In my opinion, with personal accounts Filippova privatization in Russia would pass slowly, but just. And would have given many people the opportunity to participate in the process , with the understanding of what they are doing. Vouchers , shares , investment funds - it was all new, incomprehensible to the vast majority of people who came out of the USSR. Required time and effort to figure out what's what. However, the new government has chosen tactics naive foray : faster, faster ! To no time to recover and understand what is happening . Accelerated privatization was perfect for this one ." Having eaten " Filippova , Chubais gracefully cranked later surgery to replace the already legalized registered accounts anonymous vouchers. Waited th August 1992 , when deputies went on holiday . And Yeltsin signed a decree vouchers .
- What is the meaning of the operation ?- Then, according to the emergency powers given to the Congress president , Yeltsin's decree went into effect if, within one week, it did not reject the Supreme Council . Deputies call this week from a vacation in Moscow vote against vouchers was physically impossible . Counting on that Chubais . So subtle ways have changed fundamentally the ideology of privatization and its legislation .
When autumn MPs returned to the capital , they realized how cynically deceived and offended their executive power - the government and the president , whom they have provided extraordinary powers . But it was too late . In any democratic country such action would be regarded as a grave crime against the constitutional order and would have led to the immediate resignation of those responsible. But not in Russia .
Only now there are so-called "Explanations" . Like, while Sberbank was not ready for the introduction of personal privatization contributions because it was technically difficult to do. But technical difficulties - not the reason for breaking the law. Difficult to do in a year? Do three years. Who are you in a hurry? In Poland, the mass privatization began to spend 6-7 years after the start of reforms. In China, after more than 30 years of reform , mass privatization has not yet begun. And it seems impossible to say that the reforms here and there have been unsuccessful. Rather, the contrary .
- And where China is now and where the Russian economy ? Heaven and earth.- The law is the law. And lies and deceit - from another repertoire. They are best demonstrate what was the essence of the people who conducted the privatization.Note the date of the introduction of vouchers and the beginning of the voucher privatization - 1992 . Citizens' savings accumulated over previous years and decades , including his grandmother's funeral , you were actually destroyed. The vast majority of people have been left funds for participation in privatization. They become beggars . Abandoning any compensation deposits in the Savings Bank , Gaidar has shown that private property of citizens it does not mean anything. It was his fundamental philosophical position , not having anything to do with liberalism , with no commitment to the rule of law elementary protecting private property. Deposits of citizens - this is private property . They were among tens of millions of citizens. This private property abolished a number of governments - not only Gaidar . But legalized its destruction , renouncing any compensation , Gaidar . Refusing to recognize the domestic public debt (deposits in the Savings Bank ) , Gaidar simultaneously recognized external public debt , thereby demonstrating a dual approach to the two groups of creditors of the Russian state and its preferences .
- In fact, was struck by a huge layer of the people, the future of the middle class. Which is considered a pillar of any democratic state . And not all after this blow up .- Alas, it was. Plus wild inflation in 1992 and subsequent years. At this point, and privatization has been conducted . The question arises whether such a hurry because Chubais , former savings that most people were destroyed, and new - created in the new environment - have not appeared yet ? If privatize a few years later , as it did in Poland , it would have been different owners . It seems that the time and method of privatization fantastic cynicism , which was accompanied , says a lot about who it spent and for what. "
Plant for penniesWhy express voucher privatization was carried out , it became clear to me when reading the secret memos directed to the then Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin ." Analysis of the first stage of privatization ." ( I will give only short excerpts . )"First in July 1994 ended the period of the voucher privatization in Russia. The State Duma in its decision № 378-1 of 9 December 1994 recognized its results unsatisfactory. First of all, this is reflected in a considerable part of Russian shortfall of revenue due to miscalculations in strategy and tactics of privatization. Total nominal value of the voucher fund (about 1.5 trillion rubles . ) Corresponded approximately to the carrying value of fixed assets at the end of Russia in 1991 (excluding residential buildings - 1.65 trillion rubles. Prices at the time) . But by October 1992, when the population began issuing vouchers , price liberalization process increased 20 times ... Thus, the total nominal value of the voucher fund initially was 20 times less than the cost of fixed assets. Buying up and reselling large batch vouchers , voucher investment funds actually ensured the transfer of state property owners for new real song. 500 largest Russian privatized enterprises worth at least $ 200 billion were actually sold for a pittance - about 7.2 billion U.S. dollars.
In fact there was the largest in the history of Russian squandering of state property , which in itself was one of the sources of the crisis and laid the foundations for many future conflicts aimed at the redistribution of property . Head of letters and reception of citizens of Russian Presidential Administration M.A.Mironov (outgoing A4- 8353 from 22.11.94 ) indicated on the basis of analysis of 4200 letters that in many letters relating to the theme of privatization heard expressions like "just another hoax ."
" Lottery " specificity elected in Russian version of the " voucher" privatization ( which consisted in the fact that from the very beginning was not clear on what state assets earmarked for implementation for checks) , not leading to the formation of a rational corporate structure , formed the majority of the population sustainable ( and rightly so ) the belief that it is not so much given its own , but as time expropriated .
Targets privatization distorted and incompetent intentional actions and in the Center and in the field , which dramatically kriminizirovalo situation. Numerous distortions in the process of carrying out a forced , not due to the Privatization Law , significantly undermined the foundations of the Russian state , weakened national security. "Copyright secret notes, the new head of the State Property Committee Vladimir Polevanov , who replaced the departed to increase Chubais , Chernomyrdin suggested it would be imprudent for the second phase , and create first commission to analyze and correct errors committed by the first stage. And entrust supervision of SPC engaged in privatization, another person. " Since most of the responsibility for omissions stage I is the First Deputy Prime Minister Anatoly Chubais , he is not interested in eliminating shortcomings and tried to old , largely discredited line in the area of privatization. "
Note left premiere January 18, 1995 . A week later fired Polevanov itself . So as not underfoot Chubais and other " prihvatizatorov . " And three months he spent not headed GKI. Although Yeltsin himself put Amur governor , far from the Moscow Games , to this important post .
- Formal impressive performance of voucher privatization , - says Vladimir Polevanov . - About 60 percent of domestic enterprises by the end of 1994. non- steel , 40 million Russians - the shareholders . According to Russian mass markedly surpassed the former Soviet bloc - I specifically ordered analysis . In the same Poland, where " market mentality " was much higher than ours , for three years , only 30 percent of privatized state-owned enterprises in Hungary - no more than 20. By the way, former brothers in the socialist camp vouchers from the outset were registered , they pawned real, not symbolic value of the property . Therefore, to replace them with a bottle of vodka or a kilo of sugar to anyone and did not occur . And we just so very many, if not most of the " shareholders" ordered their checks.
But what was behind the high rates and unprecedented scale Russian privatization ? State assets actually sold for a pittance. Feverishly . Its . In violation of even those poor laws , which were then . "
Soon after the notorious " loans auctions " , to give into the hands of the oligarchs for nothing pearls Soviet industry type "Norilsk Nickel" . The people in them are not even formally participated . Decree about these auctions Yeltsin also signed in August. 1995. Then followed a domineering pyramid scheme GKO default in August 98th . And much more ...One former speaker of the State Duma Gennady Seleznev told me , they say, the main reason for the shooting Yeltsin White House in 1993 - to prevent the abolition of parliament and return vouchers registered accounts. Frankly, I did not believe his former editor in chief , who took me to work in "Komsomolskaya Pravda" . Excuse me, Gennady ! Now, after meeting with Illarionov Polevanov , I believe .
But reformers numerous statements that they were in a hurry to privatization , a blind eye to her dishonesty only because they feared revenge Communists - I do not believe . It is as cunning as the two "Volga" for the voucher . If soberly analyze the progress of the "democratic reforms" that allegedly carried out in Russia to create numerous and mighty of owners , the middle class , we see in fact a very different picture .
Those reforms have arranged for the sake of national property , inherited from the Soviet Union , quickly migrated for pennies to a small group of advanced communist nomenklatura , which prevented Soviet ideology to live in the West . Plus caters its representatives appointed oligarchs and security services , which is popularly nicknamed " Family wallets ."
Recently flashed hope that justice belatedly , finally triumph . Promised to take tax from those who profited from the privatization of the unrighteous . As in England after privatization Madame Thatcher. Planned to introduce a luxury tax for new masters . Frighten and criminal charges of Power - chicks Chubais secreted capital offshore . We believe voted for justice. And after the election to " privatization tax" authorities put an end . About promised landing chicks Anatolia Borisych also never hear . A luxury tax for the nouveau riche , it seems, will result in property tax , which hit mostly on common owners of apartments and houses. Life goes on.
And the beginning of the process of enrichment fabulous advanced communist nomenclature laid 20 years ago Sly Yeltsin's decree on nameless vouchers , which repealed the law on personal privatization accounts.source
Philosophical anxiety.Bribes are smoothEngine tuning were " driving forces " Stasis .Sober people and honest citizens realized this a long time ago . Even when, instead of living prohindeev contemporaries newspapers began to kick dead Stalin ...But who are these driving forces of stagnation ?The strength of this - our old friend the master of life , all the familiar bureaucracy ( not to be confused with the employees and workers of the state administrative apparatus !) . She is all pervasive evil demon changes guises resets old , served as her political skin , napyalivaya over another.Here are her seven-year "wardrobe " : first, it was " communist " on the basis of anti-democracy and anti-patriotism within the USSR . Then - " Democrat " on the basis of anti-communism and anti-patriotism in terms of its collapse. Now bureaucracy has become suddenly " patriot " with a dash of democratic rhetoric and violent anticommunism in the new framework of "sovereign states".In the apt definition of the writer Boris Oleinik , such people - a " commutants ." That is, not people, and a species ...People , if he did not " ohlos " certainly respects the state , without which people will inevitably turn into monkeys.Since the beginning of the announced restructuring of people expected that public ownership , which literally " clung " bureaucracy , recruited from the ranks of the "Soviet intelligentsia" is actually transferred to its legal owner. Who is he? Yes , a farmer who has raised bread in the fields of homeland, a worker who does not make a marriage , and intellectual who is not lying, and thinking together with the workers and peasants.For a monopoly on thinking - no one else !Question: what to justify these expectations people had to do ? We will understand .From personal experience of life , everyone knows : all too often in the workplace person punished not for what it does not work , namely for the fact that it works ( or eager to work ) is good. Getting rid of a good employee for what he very existence exposes the actual idleness of his superiors , the bureaucracy would punish him with the help of the state. This - labor laws , job descriptions, the party committee and the trade union . Helpfully "public opinion" team often subsumed under an administrative conduct, so to speak, a "moral basis " : for quarrelsome disposition principle to expel !What was supposed to make our Society in 1985 ?First, to "revive" and dramatically intensify is still dead * Article 139 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ( prosecution for criticism ) . This would help significantly and reliably equalize the chances of winning the fight principled worker ( = member of society ! ), Generally an honest man with "administrative bullying " its chief bureaucrat . Honest State - against the " dishonorable state", to put it simply ...And secondly, it was necessary to "flip" the main production and legal attitudes in the workplace , ie state ownership . Namely, instead of hiring employees (they - the citizens of the State ) administration move to hire administration - labor collectives , ie direct labor employees .And these persistent attempts workers prosabotirovannye , however, party committees of the CPSU were .Ah, so ! Want to deprive me of private ownership of the state? Here's to you all! - Bureaucracy and promised ... the state of the USSR collapsed, dooming us all to transform into monkeys .- Ape to " Western-style " - advised its ideologists , local and foreign - and you will enter into a civilized space.As if to "civilized space " does not include a psychiatric hospital , public toilet , suburban dump or ... prison.The Council, however , was adopted . And now - VOUCHERS .What are they? It - instead of the symbols of ownership of the property.Voucher - is a receipt that the commutator bureaucracy should give people that they have for the destroyed state, people will not judge her .Took a voucher - and bribes are smooth !And no more claims do not can show ...A. Kazakov , a member of the working philosophy of the clubim. Joseph Dietzgen .Yekaterinburg .
" RHYTHM », № 108 (11751) , Saturday, 3 October 1992 . Circulation 5460 ." PUBLICITY », № 6 (132 ), 11 - 17 February 1993 Circulation 132,000 ." URAL NEWSPAPER », № 30 , October 1993 Circulation 13,000 .
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