Boris Ikhlov
Mandeville AGAINST FukuyamaHeine, like Turgenev, was a representative of a social group that was not allowed to carry out their will, for Heine, as well as for Turgenev, was not viable, socially active masses. They were so inclined to sacrifice the individual to see the engine of progress, as opposed to her submissive helpless masses who blindly and faithfully follow it. They did it just because for them there was no mass.
More than Turgenev, Heine knew the bitterness and resentment "slaps Pharisee" - the bourgeoisie. No wonder he is so close destiny "Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance," and that he is over his destiny in the absolute experience of realistic romance.
Don Quixote, writes Nusinov, not the one who lost during the revolutionary battles, but one who in the days of the revolutionary battles called to defend rags stories. Don Quixote is not the German communist who organized the Hamburg uprising, and the one who in the days of the Hamburg uprising believed that the salvation of the German proletariat in universal suffrage, not noticing that formal democracy - is now Dulcinea del Toboso, and most importantly, that as a remedy social grievances imperialist rich she is even less valid than the voice of Don Quixote addressed to Juan Aldula, a rich man from the village of Quintanar, in defense of their battered boy.
Don Quixote - always a product of the past, never the way to the future, says Nusinov. Is it always? No, it is the second type of Dons Quixote: In the case where Don Quixote is suitable to the gates of the future, he also strives in vain to open the gate keys, manufactured in the workshops of the past. So Don Quixote was Fourier unwavering faith that glorifies Turgenev for the fact that the Fourier "every day for many years, went on a date with an Englishman, whom he called the newspapers to supply him a million francs on the execution of his plans and that, of course, never was. "
Turgenev, however, are unaware that Don Quixote is idealized for him, as for all the idealizing of Don Quixote, the Englishman, whom they vainly waiting for a historical process is not moving Don Quixote and those who overcomes Don Quixote (emphasis added, BI), his laughter destroys it.
However, Turgenev was not so easy, his Don Quixote charge at the mill moribund peace in the novel "Fathers and Sons", is not cause for sadness author of a bygone era and not the owner of the stunning generosity. Turgenev himself mocks a bygone era with a ridiculous duel tradition: "In the nose marks ..." In order to better understand the novel worth reading Pisarev "realists", and immediately after this response, whether that Turgenev's novels "Smoke" and "Virgin Soil" - where an absurd parody of the circle of Herzen combined with the image of the active transducer archaic Russian - capitalist entrepreneur. Turgenev was not just prone to social Novi because of the collapse of the old world, writes Nusinov, he feels healthy energy boost bourgeois enterprise.
So, it's all about you and me. We keep a fond memory of the glorious past of the Soviet Union, not wanting to admit that his funeral the team as a financial capital and its attendants Mlechina and Svanidze - direct and natural his generation. We have forgotten that yesterday's ideals were false, not based on the nature of the lower classes, not arising out of human matter. They were only introduced by the "top" as church sermons for the dark, ignorant, misguided worshipers. Not so the working class of the USSR for decades was printed in the newspaper "Pravda" appearance noble gentleman, and then it turned out that the honorable gentleman and executes without guilt, and genetics depressing, and privorovyvaet, and indeed to the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary ideals of generosity and not has absolutely nothing to do.
A knighthood - unless it really was as noble to the best of knights move in a spiral of development in the future? Is it at the dawn of feudalism or in its heyday were humiliated and insulted diverse noble gentleman? Knight considers himself so far above the commoner that he did not want to spoil him on his sword. Heinrich Mann describes as one of the retinue of Henry of Navarre made a union with a peasant, and then ripped open her stomach and warmed it up. How very chivalrous! It's like a painting in romantic shades of cynical murderers and robbers - pirates of the past, "the wind Sweeps" Jolly Roger ", people of Flint song sung ..." Is not it obvious falsehood - ridiculous praise of the ladies of his heart? After all, it is not "inherently" a knight brought in from outside, it is only a replica of the worship of the Mother of God. This kind of "generosity" is accepted as truth only monarchists and other spiritual plebeians.
You have to be sterile in the sense of nobility to the movie "The Three Musketeers" Aramis insert a song about how he kills seven times in the week, while by no means considers himself some outstanding murderer, he elegiac-effeminacy she sings: "But, right, I'm not a duelist ... "
Imagine the scale of misunderstanding stories of aristocratic nobility of fans: Louis III is at war with his own mother, Buckingham wants to negotiate with France to fight against Spain, the king fighting against the Huguenots (this point brilliantly reflected in the Soviet film "The Three Musketeers", where the brave quartet in between libations fearlessly killing his countrymen.) Finally, the government will find a gloomy obscurantist, conservative Richelieu. A Dumas describes the court intrigues. Although even the names of the era of the "noble knights" - This is not Richard the Lionheart, the names - like nicknames in the zone: Louis Zaika, Hugh Abbot, Charles the Bald, Conrad Black, Louis III Blind ...
But what is interesting. Cervantes laughs chivalry, but do not forget about the realities of the coming future. However, it is this' coming boor "pits, not the reality of the past, and the myth of the past. But the face of this soulless, greedy and unscrupulous cad drawing quite definitely. Note that it contrasted so noble Musketeers Dumas, united with the king of England against the nascent capitalism in the face of Cromwell. And in the Soviet film Cromwell - even a casual, shallow, vain and evil villain, whose stories should not exist. Worse - in the film Cromwell of the landlord turns into some of the petty bourgeoisie, the brewer, and the narrow-minded madcap Charles I - as the lightning rod for the nobility of heaven, for which the penalty is simply unable to find such a low scoundrel who would dare to cut off his head (in fact, Scots gave Charles for £ 400, in addition, as we shall see below, the king was a traitor to the state). Historical ignorance and mediocrity of the film's setting is redeemed only mediocrity acting (which, of course, looks divine in comparison with the modern school drama club in the theater and cinema).
But if you argue that the shift in time, step out of the epoch to have made a mockery of Don Quixote, which means rough objectivism, almost fatalistic, in any case, the teleology of the "Darwin was needed - Darwin was born." Of course, Nusinov rights - the historical process advanced not by Dona Quixote. But it is not those who overcomes them - not hard to overcome them. Overcome the force, and the great. For the rights of the young bourgeoisie shed blood, and she was alone, and with the lower classes. Rather, it is at that moment they are carriers of traits that are attributed to Don Quixote.
So try to understand the point of view of Heine, Byron, Turgenev - it is something they had in mind, "outside history", a constant in human nature, which manifests itself in all ages. It turns out that we are talking about what's around - the desert, the narrow-minded swamp and marsh to shake it, educate the illiterate, to win over the undecided, etc. - Perhaps at the cost of his life. Yes, that's impossible - because Don Quixote does not understand the structure of this quagmire which laws moving.
Danko good example of the fact that Danko did not need to understand the structure of the "swamp", it was forced to because of the objective conditions for them to move.
What's going on? The forces, which is fighting Don Quixote, seeing him helpless. They make fun of him, isolated, clearly showing the public that the fight is useless. Don Quixote finds definitive features - of course, he is noble, brave, a true hero. Courage, self-sacrifice is always respected.
In the book, the St. Petersburg secret police chief Colonel Alexander Gerasimov, "On the blade with the terrorists," he wrote in exile., You can read the record after the next execution of terrorists: "Then I told the prosecutor officially of his office was present at the executions of terrorists," as These people were dying breath ... No, no regrets, no signs of weakness ... With a smile on his lips, they were going to be executed. These were the real heroes. "In this respect they were no exception: all the terrorists died with great courage and dignity. Especially women. My memory is still clearly preserved the story of how the dead Zinaida Konoplyannikova, hanged for the murder of the Semenov regiment commander, General Minh, who in December 1905 crushed the uprising in Moscow. She ascended the scaffold, reciting lines of Pushkin: "Comrade, believe: it will rise, / The Captivating Star of Happiness, / Russian vspryanet from sleep, / And on the ruins of despotism / will write our names!" Heroism of these young people, we must admit, attracted to her liking in the community. "
Respect - and nothing more. As you know, the Bolsheviks negative attitude to terrorism. Terror, according to them, shows that the masses are still in a state of indifferent curiosity, what penalty terrorists produce chilling effect is no less than the attacks themselves. And most importantly: the terrorists are chatting feet in the air behind them, there is no support, no masses.
But Don Quixote does not understand the situation, does not understand that because it is impossible to act, it will only worsen the situation, that his actions - a sign that there is no one behind him, and because he is not real strength is that you need to "go the other way."
Progress has spawned not individuals, but entire teams Dons Quixote, eager to lead the crowd oppressed. Internally are empty, they take the human title different from the masses and the towering mass of the line by assigning the label itself: Dan Quixote. There may be options: anarchists, monarchists, cadets, Trotskyists ... Together, they generate power, supported it, and serve as a buffer between itself and the independent actions of the masses, for example, for "letting off steam". The modern Don Quixote can, of course, occasionally lie on the tram rails, block city traffic, what attracts the attention of journalists. But his main activity - bringing in inert matter of the working class and the nobility of his wonderful ideas, as bequeathed Ivan Turgenev. Against the background of the sea of political swindlers, heated power, it is quite similar in action to Don Quixote, the average person is ashamed to show civil courage. "Everyone who condemns the government and calls for something, just for someone working" - says the average person who has learned the hard way what it means to support the team Dons Quixote in the election.
Look at the images of pseudo-revolutionaries who paints Herzen - how little has changed since then. And Clim Gorky sees the same storage side of the "social activists" before October! Moreover, Bitter brands dark side of Bolshevism after the Bolsheviks came to power - in the "Untimely scrapbook", writes letters to Lenin. Lenin, however, he - in the spirit of Cervantes - answers that the intelligentsia, which badly treated Bolsheviks did not "flower of the nation, it is g ... nation."
Flip the situation. All it true about the "keys of the past", which Dona Quixote trying to open the doors of the future? Anyone who believes that the need to move forward so and not otherwise, without the reckless quixotic, can be confident that he knew the mechanics of "swamp" to the end? After all, his "right of action" - can be the reverse side of teleology, simply opportunism, if it lacks a bit of literacy up to the then-present understanding of the situation. Maybe a gust of Don Quixote, the experimenter will reveal the true mechanics and faster zavertyatsya wheel of history?
We all know that the possible export of counter-revolution, but not a revolution. For the revolution is necessary that the necessary material conditions are ripe. Well, the great revolutionary Che Guevara was wrong, going on a first in the Congo and then in Bolivia? But then a major role in the arrest of Che played a CIA intelligence agency of the powerful state. And if the KGB isolated in Bolivia, CIA, then what?
Lieutenant Schmidt with his performance, which was doomed, tore general, prepares Bolshevik uprising. But here's what he said in court: "It will be years, our names will be forgotten, but that fighting force, which joined the" Ochakovo "and that has remained true to the people and swearing, the names of the ten ships of the fleet will not be forgotten and they will remain forever in the annals of the people. I have not transgressed once my aspirations shared by all the people. But I tried and I was facing the death penalty ... I do not know, do not want to, I can not assess what has happened articles of the law. I know one law - the law of duty to the country. Yes, I have done my duty ... not a handful of sailors who violated discipline, and not a citizen of Schmidt in front of you. In front of you at the dock all the hundred millionth Russia, you are her own judgment, she is waiting for your decision ... ". Now tell me: how was due Schmidt?
Once at the police station, Lenin said, "What you do, do not you realize that in front of you - a wall?" Indeed, why tilting at the windmills? "Quite right, - said Lenin - the wall - so rotten, tkni - and fall apart."
Russia - a backward country, capitalism, it just started to develop, yesterday was the agrarian revolution, to talk about the socialist revolution in it - it's like that dream of capitalism in a cave. "We all know - wrote Lenin in response to the letter of Sukhanov - that the base determines the superstructure. But in what the textbook says that you can not do the opposite? "And Napoleon repeats the phrase:" We must first engage in a serious fight, but we'll see. "That is, for a true understanding of the need, in the words Mamardashvili to" pass. "
And is it based business? Gorky 'pensions of the Falcon, "contrasting the mundane Adder foolish Falcon, formulates the maximum," the madness of the brave we sing glory, madness of the brave - that is the wisdom of life! Oh, brave Falcon, in a battle with the enemy has expired you blood, but the time will come and drop of your blood as hot sparks will flash in the darkness of life and hundreds of brave hearts will light ... Let you die, but in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always living example , call the proud ... "
You can see how easy, variativen image of Don Quixote, from the petty-bourgeois (the unconscious and therefore funny, inappropriate or conscious) pest labor movement (as is described in Plekhanov, "Socialism and the Political Struggle," "Once again, Socialism and the Political Struggle", Engels in "The Communists and Karl Heinzen") to practice, which is making history through their actions. A practice, as Lenin said, based on the works of Hegel, - above theory. If you continue even further - from practice to an experimental voluntarist, corn planter in the area of risk farming or Trotskyist with anarchist, calling for the proletarian revolution and the elimination of the feudal state in the country. Remember the pre-perestroika anecdote? Slaves came to the demonstration with the slogan "Long live feudalism," and another similar anecdote is also pre-perestroika, which was to place only these days: in one African country, democracy won. Joy opposition leader climbed a palm tree, fell and broke his tail.
Of course, intuition - a good assistant, but only a social practice to distinguish political prostitute of revolutionary genius. The whole issue, the main issue for civilization is that it encompasses a social practice.
The issue of understanding the so-called "swamp" is not idle. When the "cavalry attack on the capital" has failed, Don Quixote, podsidev fellow party members, threw a rusty spear away and founded the Order of the Sword. The Bolsheviks initially called the Social Democrats. The implication was that the monarchy should oppose democracy. By democracy is understood the power of the demos, not the election campaign with "representatives" of the people, oppressing the people on his behalf. In Don Quixote, a new type was declared completely different, it would seem, is different from anarchism, social mechanics. That total anarchists and Stalinists position according to which you can move to socialism and in primitive society (were real party ideologists), takes a back seat. At first - control advocates "swamp" regardless of its condition, desires and capabilities. Which, of course, is taken into account, but not really.
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