About the internal economic reasons of national conflicts in the USSR AND RUSSIA
Almost all the communist party in Russia today adhere to the position that the Soviet Union's collapse was due to the influence of the leading capitalist powers (the Zionist conspiracy), and more ideological. As for the "rebirth" of the elite of the CPSU, there is usually limited to a statement of fact. There is an assumption on the growth of real interests of the elite, the privilege, and so as a source of centrifugal forces in the party. However, at the extent to which privileges can be considered a source of centrifugal forces, in the same way they are and the centripetal force generator.It is believed that the liquidation of the Union guilty of two people - the Gorbachev and Yeltsin. Obviously, this view is traditional and is caused by exaggeration of the role of personality in history.
Representatives of the "right" of the political spectrum (in quotes, because as a left-center-right classification of parties exist only in the minds of political image-makers) believe that the origins of ethnic hatred and the collapse of the Soviet Union - to totalitarianism, which in order to retain power by a small group individuals share the nation, using again the ideological pressure. It is widely believed that the basis of ethnic hatred is the Soviet poverty. Version is questionable, since the national, national-religious and racial conflicts occurred and are occurring in the developed world.Continued conflict since the collapse of the USSR and the CPSU in formal journalism is seen as a residual effect of the same totalitarianism. On the other hand, many left-wing groups say the main cause of the "collapse of the empire" the class struggle, and the name of the working class, against oppression by the Communist Party elite. All these positions obscure the political-economic background of events. Below shows exactly what the political economy were in the process of disintegration of the USSR. The thesis topic is not considered the distribution of the state budget between the republics of the USSR.______________
Of course, it is impossible to ignore the outside influence and presence of the "fifth column" in the USSR. But abroad, "the fifth column" existed on a much larger scale and legally - in the face of the communist parties. The influence of the Soviet secret police in the "camp of capitalism" was no less than the West - in the USSR. On the other hand so that in such an independent state like the USSR, provocation, as lying outside factor that took place, the necessary ground, the premise behind basis. Otherwise provocation will be suppressed a provocation, for example, counter-propaganda, in the case of mass phenomena, and not local.However, the external impact on the USSR was not significant and is secondary! In what sense?
Obviously, the direct impact that has widespread, and not through intelligence, self-publishing or radio "Freedom", the developed countries can provide only humanitarian, scientific and technical intelligentsia, which had much greater access to the legal information about the West, rather than the working class. What is frightening information?"Capitalist production - says E. Preobrazhensky - not terrible subsistence farming, where the latter has no common ground with him ... Subsistence farming just does not take the fight, because it is not drawn into the money exchanges ... and only if This weaker opponent pulled out on the development of commodity capitalist arena, putting his hands down in the course of free competition .... To win the capitalist mode of production over natural or petty had enough of the economic benefits that every capitalist enterprise was in front of more primitive forms economy. violence played mostly supporting roles ... The outcome of the battle decided the consumer who buy a cheaper (or better, BI) product, thus voted for the capitalist mode of production (or the more advanced production B.I .) and supported him against the craft (or against less developed production), becoming the buyer (or the appraiser, BI) of capitalist production. " ("Basic law of socialist accumulation", in the book. "Ways forward discussions 20s" Lenizdat 1990).
That is, it is entitled to a similar conclusion about stoknovenii developed capitalist economy with less developed. The fact that the production of the USSR was less developed than in the U.S., Europe or Japan, speaks not only of the level of GDP per capita (see any issue of "The World In 198 ...", The Economist Publications, Tokio, 198 ... "), and the weak development of computer technology as the basis of modern production, and the quality of consumer products and the quality of the vehicles. example, exports of aircraft in the United States in 1985, exceed those of the USSR exports to more than 20 times (see ., eg., "The World Almanac (and book of facts)", New York, 1990).It is, secondly, a comparison of working conditions and pay - as you know, in the developed countries, the inverse relation of income head clerks and engineers than in the CMEA countries (see, eg., Z. Tanko, "Distribution. Analysis of government experience in Yugoslavia "Moscow," Economy ", 1990).Third, the direct exchange of scientific and technical information. Suffice it to mention that once the scientific direction of a high-temperature superconductors in the USSR from the rostrum was criticized at the same time Ronald Reagan in his first term, said: "High-temperature superconductors - these are the nails that we score the coffin of socialism."So it is clear that the points of contact of the Western level of industry with the so called "closed society" more often lay in the field of intellectual labor. Thus, the debate is questionable, deployed at the time the Communist Parties of the "intelligentsia betrayal of socialist ideas."
As for the ideological influence that causes conflict nations (the imposition of Russian as an official language, an example - Georgia, blending in "Soviet community" until ripe sub-national industrial relations, etc.), the dominance of Russian nationality in the governing bodies of the Communist Party and the Communist Party in general (see TSB), injection of anti-Russian sentiment in Georgia and the Baltic States, and the like, of course, these factors have also occurred, but their effect was clearly secondary. For example, conflicts on ethnic grounds is not turned into the broad popular movement, National People's Front, ROC, and others were too weak and almost disappeared immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Obviously only that such manifestations of opposition nations reflect national opposition groups within the Communist Party. The term "totalitarianism" did not disclose reasons for fighting factions.
Similarly, it is difficult to call the division of property in the republics of the struggle of the working class: the national theme weakly affected workers associations and the National Labour Union disappeared even faster than the front. While the labor movement for a while went side by side with a democratic, to the development of class conflict within a republic movement does not grow in any case, at that time, as he walked the collapse of the Union.
In fact, each republic collapsed before the Belovezhskaya agreements. The last was the only legal authorization of the actual collapse. For example, "polarized" (begs "paralyzed") external field dollar Ivanovo textile tear production chain, sold abroad and textile weavers Glazov left without raw materials. Realized short-term interest - profit; rate of return (cheaper, modernization of production), as well as long-term interest remains in the shadows.Appears not common, but the same reaction to the "field" of the managers, intellectuals and workers. Why is this happening? To "field" had its effect, there must be a "charge." And it was.
Construction of the State by the owner of the economic system included the centralization of financial capital and management. Ie State "expropriated" all planning functions. Hence, with them concentrated in all the long-term interests, removing them from the minds of ordinary workers. With the notable exception of, for example, artists, all creative (dominating the) labor. Who are both artists, and planners.
At the same time, the concentration of labor wore only extensive, quantitative character with internal fragmentation of production ("atomization of the proletariat"). Because instantly broke not only the technological chain, but in the absence of closed loops collapsed into separate workshops giant plants within the same departments various forms of payment caused pieceworkers confrontation with time-worker and capitalist leveling, ie Payment by objectified labor, created tensions between members of the personnel within the brigade. (The thesis topic is not an explanation of what the capitalist mode of production is the founder of equalization.)
That is, the socialization was of a fictitious character. As an example, the synthesis of a chemical compound in Perm, for which supply components from a dozen cities in the USSR up to Khabarovsk in the presence of the same components in the very city of Perm. Or delivery to the Permian defense "cycling" of the plant (JSC "Velta" steel from 35 cities in the USSR, including Armenia, Krasnoyarsk, etc., with underutilization of metallurgical plants in the Perm region (Lysva, Chusovoy, Nytvensky.) That after privatization was almost led to their bankruptcy. (You can argue about the militarization of the economy or the cost of facilities for the production of specific grades of steel, but it is about the decades of peace.) To this must be added the counter transport, supply of timber from the Baltic to Siberia, etc.That is, roughly speaking, the Baltic nuts "socialize" with Khabarovsk bolts.
Thus, the process of privatization of the primary to the process of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
What is the administrative apparatus is a device to the economic system? Obviously, the shift of the major executives in the center of the province makes it difficult to strike. Second, the association of working on professional interests, the "interests" of the technological chain is also difficult because of the dispersed production.Hence, if a manager loses on increasing production costs, it benefits from the absence of the workers and, consequently, the lack of redistribution of income in the wages of the workers.The same method of device production is observed in the developed capitalist countries (see, eg., Prais SJ, The Evolution of Giant Firms in Britain, Cambridge, 1976). Thus, the excessive costs of production for the fictitious socialization is one of the main political economy springs Soviet collapse.Same social forces here are factions within the administrative apparatus (within the class of owner-managers,as management, order relations are the property).
The interest of the managerial elite to legalize their status owners ("convert" power in the money), and the interest of the second echelon of power to break out in the first rows are obvious. However, even in the absence of direct interest are the following.As already mentioned, the planning functions, control functions are concentrated in the capital. That is, the administrative apparatus mediates all farm connections. As stated E. Nikishyna in 1988 ("The View", № 1, Perm, Sverdlovsk, 1989), the development of production leads to an increase in economic relations, and hence to an increase in administrative personnel. In the end, the administrative apparatus is faced with a dilemma - or even increase your strength and lose the privileged position (in Lenin - to make bureaucrats ALL), or to maintain the status quo. Ie a situation where the device is not able to cover all the economic wealth of economic ties. So not able to manage.
Therefore, under conditions of economic depression "creativity of the masses", attempts to form a plan "below" the administrative apparatus is destroyed regardless of the desire of the managers, cease their functions, subcontract them to the capitalist class, where property relations relegated to management to ownership (hence the rentier and the export of capital abroad ) or itself forms the class.Raises a number of "apparatik 'smaller scale in accordance with the scale of the economic structures that are able to monitor each individual" apparatik. "Since each economic structure declares only the closest interest, not long-term (formerly "expropriated" the capital), it means that the state as such, these structures do not need (and still is not necessary, since the redistribution of property is not completed and there is no interest in local production). Therefore, it falls apart.__________________
It is absolutely clear that the same future awaits the U.S. (it is predicted that in the 40 th Harriman) during the third round of globalization (if considered as the 1 st - 1 st world war, as the 2 nd - 2 nd World War and the Soviet Union as a relatively peaceful economic globalization in a limited space.) That is - decay. With its consequences, which will be no less tragic than the collapse of the Soviet Union.As shown, no relation to the socialization of the centralization of control and concentration of financial capital has. Thus, globalization can not be the basis for the unification of the workers and how vain titled his article MM Savas, "transition to socialism" ("Alternatives", № 3, 2000). Applaud globalization absolutely nothing. On the contrary, instead of uniting the workers, it leads to dissociation. Which shows the extraordinary passivity Russian workers in comparison with foreign of the attack on their rights.
The only positive point is the historical conclusion (and not the process of globalization) that the owner of usurping control. And not profit. Inhibits monotonous, uniform (the dominant abstract) labor and not a small fee for its end. The rate of exploitation can not be defined only in terms of surplus value and variable capital. It's obvious!Trouble capitalism is that the capitalist spends a small portion of the profits on luxury goods. And the fact that the capitalist usurped ORDER major share of profits (or expansion fund, now the accumulation fund), which is spending or the war, or to good causes expansion (well, he can not eat through profit!) Roughly speaking, trying to think (plan) for all, though, as you know, a hundred and Marx can not cope with this task. This inevitably leads to phenomena such as opposing traffic. It is in the usurpation of control laid ruin the capitalist mode of production. This is also a positive and practical conclusion from the above material.
Boris Ikhlov
Almost all the communist party in Russia today adhere to the position that the Soviet Union's collapse was due to the influence of the leading capitalist powers (the Zionist conspiracy), and more ideological. As for the "rebirth" of the elite of the CPSU, there is usually limited to a statement of fact. There is an assumption on the growth of real interests of the elite, the privilege, and so as a source of centrifugal forces in the party. However, at the extent to which privileges can be considered a source of centrifugal forces, in the same way they are and the centripetal force generator.It is believed that the liquidation of the Union guilty of two people - the Gorbachev and Yeltsin. Obviously, this view is traditional and is caused by exaggeration of the role of personality in history.
Representatives of the "right" of the political spectrum (in quotes, because as a left-center-right classification of parties exist only in the minds of political image-makers) believe that the origins of ethnic hatred and the collapse of the Soviet Union - to totalitarianism, which in order to retain power by a small group individuals share the nation, using again the ideological pressure. It is widely believed that the basis of ethnic hatred is the Soviet poverty. Version is questionable, since the national, national-religious and racial conflicts occurred and are occurring in the developed world.Continued conflict since the collapse of the USSR and the CPSU in formal journalism is seen as a residual effect of the same totalitarianism. On the other hand, many left-wing groups say the main cause of the "collapse of the empire" the class struggle, and the name of the working class, against oppression by the Communist Party elite. All these positions obscure the political-economic background of events. Below shows exactly what the political economy were in the process of disintegration of the USSR. The thesis topic is not considered the distribution of the state budget between the republics of the USSR.______________
Of course, it is impossible to ignore the outside influence and presence of the "fifth column" in the USSR. But abroad, "the fifth column" existed on a much larger scale and legally - in the face of the communist parties. The influence of the Soviet secret police in the "camp of capitalism" was no less than the West - in the USSR. On the other hand so that in such an independent state like the USSR, provocation, as lying outside factor that took place, the necessary ground, the premise behind basis. Otherwise provocation will be suppressed a provocation, for example, counter-propaganda, in the case of mass phenomena, and not local.However, the external impact on the USSR was not significant and is secondary! In what sense?
Obviously, the direct impact that has widespread, and not through intelligence, self-publishing or radio "Freedom", the developed countries can provide only humanitarian, scientific and technical intelligentsia, which had much greater access to the legal information about the West, rather than the working class. What is frightening information?"Capitalist production - says E. Preobrazhensky - not terrible subsistence farming, where the latter has no common ground with him ... Subsistence farming just does not take the fight, because it is not drawn into the money exchanges ... and only if This weaker opponent pulled out on the development of commodity capitalist arena, putting his hands down in the course of free competition .... To win the capitalist mode of production over natural or petty had enough of the economic benefits that every capitalist enterprise was in front of more primitive forms economy. violence played mostly supporting roles ... The outcome of the battle decided the consumer who buy a cheaper (or better, BI) product, thus voted for the capitalist mode of production (or the more advanced production B.I .) and supported him against the craft (or against less developed production), becoming the buyer (or the appraiser, BI) of capitalist production. " ("Basic law of socialist accumulation", in the book. "Ways forward discussions 20s" Lenizdat 1990).
That is, it is entitled to a similar conclusion about stoknovenii developed capitalist economy with less developed. The fact that the production of the USSR was less developed than in the U.S., Europe or Japan, speaks not only of the level of GDP per capita (see any issue of "The World In 198 ...", The Economist Publications, Tokio, 198 ... "), and the weak development of computer technology as the basis of modern production, and the quality of consumer products and the quality of the vehicles. example, exports of aircraft in the United States in 1985, exceed those of the USSR exports to more than 20 times (see ., eg., "The World Almanac (and book of facts)", New York, 1990).It is, secondly, a comparison of working conditions and pay - as you know, in the developed countries, the inverse relation of income head clerks and engineers than in the CMEA countries (see, eg., Z. Tanko, "Distribution. Analysis of government experience in Yugoslavia "Moscow," Economy ", 1990).Third, the direct exchange of scientific and technical information. Suffice it to mention that once the scientific direction of a high-temperature superconductors in the USSR from the rostrum was criticized at the same time Ronald Reagan in his first term, said: "High-temperature superconductors - these are the nails that we score the coffin of socialism."So it is clear that the points of contact of the Western level of industry with the so called "closed society" more often lay in the field of intellectual labor. Thus, the debate is questionable, deployed at the time the Communist Parties of the "intelligentsia betrayal of socialist ideas."
As for the ideological influence that causes conflict nations (the imposition of Russian as an official language, an example - Georgia, blending in "Soviet community" until ripe sub-national industrial relations, etc.), the dominance of Russian nationality in the governing bodies of the Communist Party and the Communist Party in general (see TSB), injection of anti-Russian sentiment in Georgia and the Baltic States, and the like, of course, these factors have also occurred, but their effect was clearly secondary. For example, conflicts on ethnic grounds is not turned into the broad popular movement, National People's Front, ROC, and others were too weak and almost disappeared immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Obviously only that such manifestations of opposition nations reflect national opposition groups within the Communist Party. The term "totalitarianism" did not disclose reasons for fighting factions.
Similarly, it is difficult to call the division of property in the republics of the struggle of the working class: the national theme weakly affected workers associations and the National Labour Union disappeared even faster than the front. While the labor movement for a while went side by side with a democratic, to the development of class conflict within a republic movement does not grow in any case, at that time, as he walked the collapse of the Union.
In fact, each republic collapsed before the Belovezhskaya agreements. The last was the only legal authorization of the actual collapse. For example, "polarized" (begs "paralyzed") external field dollar Ivanovo textile tear production chain, sold abroad and textile weavers Glazov left without raw materials. Realized short-term interest - profit; rate of return (cheaper, modernization of production), as well as long-term interest remains in the shadows.Appears not common, but the same reaction to the "field" of the managers, intellectuals and workers. Why is this happening? To "field" had its effect, there must be a "charge." And it was.
Construction of the State by the owner of the economic system included the centralization of financial capital and management. Ie State "expropriated" all planning functions. Hence, with them concentrated in all the long-term interests, removing them from the minds of ordinary workers. With the notable exception of, for example, artists, all creative (dominating the) labor. Who are both artists, and planners.
At the same time, the concentration of labor wore only extensive, quantitative character with internal fragmentation of production ("atomization of the proletariat"). Because instantly broke not only the technological chain, but in the absence of closed loops collapsed into separate workshops giant plants within the same departments various forms of payment caused pieceworkers confrontation with time-worker and capitalist leveling, ie Payment by objectified labor, created tensions between members of the personnel within the brigade. (The thesis topic is not an explanation of what the capitalist mode of production is the founder of equalization.)
That is, the socialization was of a fictitious character. As an example, the synthesis of a chemical compound in Perm, for which supply components from a dozen cities in the USSR up to Khabarovsk in the presence of the same components in the very city of Perm. Or delivery to the Permian defense "cycling" of the plant (JSC "Velta" steel from 35 cities in the USSR, including Armenia, Krasnoyarsk, etc., with underutilization of metallurgical plants in the Perm region (Lysva, Chusovoy, Nytvensky.) That after privatization was almost led to their bankruptcy. (You can argue about the militarization of the economy or the cost of facilities for the production of specific grades of steel, but it is about the decades of peace.) To this must be added the counter transport, supply of timber from the Baltic to Siberia, etc.That is, roughly speaking, the Baltic nuts "socialize" with Khabarovsk bolts.
Thus, the process of privatization of the primary to the process of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
What is the administrative apparatus is a device to the economic system? Obviously, the shift of the major executives in the center of the province makes it difficult to strike. Second, the association of working on professional interests, the "interests" of the technological chain is also difficult because of the dispersed production.Hence, if a manager loses on increasing production costs, it benefits from the absence of the workers and, consequently, the lack of redistribution of income in the wages of the workers.The same method of device production is observed in the developed capitalist countries (see, eg., Prais SJ, The Evolution of Giant Firms in Britain, Cambridge, 1976). Thus, the excessive costs of production for the fictitious socialization is one of the main political economy springs Soviet collapse.Same social forces here are factions within the administrative apparatus (within the class of owner-managers,as management, order relations are the property).
The interest of the managerial elite to legalize their status owners ("convert" power in the money), and the interest of the second echelon of power to break out in the first rows are obvious. However, even in the absence of direct interest are the following.As already mentioned, the planning functions, control functions are concentrated in the capital. That is, the administrative apparatus mediates all farm connections. As stated E. Nikishyna in 1988 ("The View", № 1, Perm, Sverdlovsk, 1989), the development of production leads to an increase in economic relations, and hence to an increase in administrative personnel. In the end, the administrative apparatus is faced with a dilemma - or even increase your strength and lose the privileged position (in Lenin - to make bureaucrats ALL), or to maintain the status quo. Ie a situation where the device is not able to cover all the economic wealth of economic ties. So not able to manage.
Therefore, under conditions of economic depression "creativity of the masses", attempts to form a plan "below" the administrative apparatus is destroyed regardless of the desire of the managers, cease their functions, subcontract them to the capitalist class, where property relations relegated to management to ownership (hence the rentier and the export of capital abroad ) or itself forms the class.Raises a number of "apparatik 'smaller scale in accordance with the scale of the economic structures that are able to monitor each individual" apparatik. "Since each economic structure declares only the closest interest, not long-term (formerly "expropriated" the capital), it means that the state as such, these structures do not need (and still is not necessary, since the redistribution of property is not completed and there is no interest in local production). Therefore, it falls apart.__________________
It is absolutely clear that the same future awaits the U.S. (it is predicted that in the 40 th Harriman) during the third round of globalization (if considered as the 1 st - 1 st world war, as the 2 nd - 2 nd World War and the Soviet Union as a relatively peaceful economic globalization in a limited space.) That is - decay. With its consequences, which will be no less tragic than the collapse of the Soviet Union.As shown, no relation to the socialization of the centralization of control and concentration of financial capital has. Thus, globalization can not be the basis for the unification of the workers and how vain titled his article MM Savas, "transition to socialism" ("Alternatives", № 3, 2000). Applaud globalization absolutely nothing. On the contrary, instead of uniting the workers, it leads to dissociation. Which shows the extraordinary passivity Russian workers in comparison with foreign of the attack on their rights.
The only positive point is the historical conclusion (and not the process of globalization) that the owner of usurping control. And not profit. Inhibits monotonous, uniform (the dominant abstract) labor and not a small fee for its end. The rate of exploitation can not be defined only in terms of surplus value and variable capital. It's obvious!Trouble capitalism is that the capitalist spends a small portion of the profits on luxury goods. And the fact that the capitalist usurped ORDER major share of profits (or expansion fund, now the accumulation fund), which is spending or the war, or to good causes expansion (well, he can not eat through profit!) Roughly speaking, trying to think (plan) for all, though, as you know, a hundred and Marx can not cope with this task. This inevitably leads to phenomena such as opposing traffic. It is in the usurpation of control laid ruin the capitalist mode of production. This is also a positive and practical conclusion from the above material.
Boris Ikhlov
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий