Plekhanov
BOURGEOIS the old days
"The misfortune of almost all people and nations stems from the imperfections of their laws and too much of the uneven distribution of wealth. In most states there are only two classes of citizens: one class that needs to be very appropriate, and other, panting from the excess. The first class can meet their needs only overwork. Labor is the physical suffering for everyone, but for some - a painful torment. The second class is drowning in luxury, but faint but out of boredom. And boredom is almost as terrible evil, as well as poverty. Therefore, the majority of states populated by some unhappy. What to do in order to restore them to happiness? Reduce the wealth of some and increase the wealth of others, put the poor in a favorable position where he could, working seven or eight hours, with a surplus to meet their own needs and those of his family. Then he'll be happy, at least as much as possible for him. "
Reasoned over a hundred years ago, Helvetius, who was convinced that "if any work is regarded as evil, then it happens because in most of the necessary means of subsistence are produced only back-breaking labor, because the idea of the labor force This is always associated with the representation of suffering. " "Moderate work - he adds - there are generally very happy to use the time that only we can do if you do not satisfy any other requirements and does not give any other sensual pleasures, which, no doubt, for all its brightness the least durable.
There is no doubt that Helvetius was a staunch bourgeois. Property right for him was "the first and most sacred of all rights." But the bourgeois era Helvetia were not like the modern bourgeois. The bourgeoisie was then able to noble aspirations. Struggling against the clergy and nobility, against the powers that be "against the" lords "and" privileged ", she fought for the cause of all mankind. Ideal of the enlightened members was by no means a society in which a few thousand capitalists live then millions of workers. On the contrary, the philosophers of the XVIII century dreamed of a society consisting of unequal in wealth ownership, but in which all independent and each works at his own expense. It was an impossible dream. It is contrary to all laws of capitalist production.
But while philosophers have cherished this dream, they could become advocates of the exploiters. And very often they spoke last pretty nasty stuff.
So, already Helvetius understood that the interests of businesses against the interests of the whole "nation" as a whole. "In some respects there is nothing that contradicts the national interest, - he said - as the presence of too many people deprived of their property. Meanwhile, nothing matches the interests of more merchants. The more the poor, the less it pays to work ... And in the trading country, the merchants often is the real force. " (Helvetius wants to say - in a country with capitalist production).
Another philosopher of the revolutionary bourgeoisie, Holbach, indignant system under which "the whole nation must work, sweat, tears to irrigate land in order just to feed the whims of the luxury, imagination, taste perversion of a handful of madmen, a handful of useless people who can not be happy because of their disordered imagination knows no limits any more. "
Helvetius had already anticipated what would be the moral implications of the struggle for existence, originating in bourgeois society.
He said that in all countries where "there is a currency, there is desire to get rich at all costs. But "passion for the enrichment can not be extended to all classes of citizens, not creating at the same time, the ruling classes in the propensity to theft and abuse."
And then begin to eagerly grab "for the construction of harbors, with the arms, the establishment of trading companies, the war being made as they like to express, for the honor of the nation - in short, for any excuse to plunder. In the state immediately appear all the vices, the generation of greed and gradually infect all members of his lead and eventually the state to ruin. "
So more than a century ago predicted were Tunisian and Panama scandals.
Circumstances have changed dramatically since the Helvetia. These days, every self-respecting bourgeois considers it a sacred duty revolts against the eight-hour day, and all other requirements of the exploited. Then, as the productive forces of modern society is developing in unprecedented amounts, gentlemen exploiters and not hear about any whatsoever facilitate workers' labor. And, while due to the "passion for the enrichment of" corruption of the bourgeoisie surpasses all that we can create the imagination of its enemies, would have us believe that the bourgeois world - best of all worlds.
Whether we would get the bait sycophant of the bourgeoisie?
Working day, which he dreamed once Helvetius, and which requires, in our time, the working class around the world, will not work "happy, at least as much as possible for him." But he would give him a new weapon in the fight for his full and final release.
Helvetius did not know "medicine" against "evil", which he foresaw. We know this drug, and, moreover, the right medicine: a dictatorship of the proletariat as the agent and the socialist organization of production as a goal.
April 23, 1893.
Published: Plekhanov Selected Philosophical Works. In five volumes. T. I, Gospolitizdat, M., 1956, p. 504-506.
Has the nature of the bourgeoisie, since Plekhanov?
Over the past century we have witnessed various forms of bourgeois exploitation which Plekhanov could not even imagine. We have witnessed the existence of a collective of the bourgeoisie in the form of the CPSU, and this concentration of wealth have not many, that the nineteenth century never dreamed of.
Modern picture of the distribution of wealth in the world gives a report of International Institute of UNU-Wider. It turns out that today only 2% of the adult population controls more than half the world's wealth. Moreover, by 1% from these two accounts for 40% of global assets. And 10% of the richest people own - 85% of the wealth. On the other hand, 50% of the world's poor just typed 1% of its wealth. These reports show that 90% of the world's wealth is concentrated in North America, Europe, and a few rich countries in Asia. In this case, large amounts of the states of their citizens contrasts with the relatively small share of these countries in total world population. For example, in North America lives only 6% of the population but it accounts for 34% of global wealth. Moreover, as noted by one of the authors of the report, James Davis: "Over the past 20-25 years, the unevenness between the incomes of rich and poor grew and grew." As we see the bourgeoisie, in its quest for profit, has not changed. The concentration of capital in few hands has given them new, previously unseen, the possibility of exploitation of the peoples of the world.
Today the capital in pursuit of profit, has penetrated all corners of the world, bringing with them, but new technologies, environmental issues, the problems of survival of peoples and all muck of capitalist exploitation. And the cure for this, as noted, Plekhanov one - a dictatorship of the proletariat as the agent and the socialist organization of production as a goal.
Editorial Board Site "POLITUCHEBA.
BOURGEOIS the old days
"The misfortune of almost all people and nations stems from the imperfections of their laws and too much of the uneven distribution of wealth. In most states there are only two classes of citizens: one class that needs to be very appropriate, and other, panting from the excess. The first class can meet their needs only overwork. Labor is the physical suffering for everyone, but for some - a painful torment. The second class is drowning in luxury, but faint but out of boredom. And boredom is almost as terrible evil, as well as poverty. Therefore, the majority of states populated by some unhappy. What to do in order to restore them to happiness? Reduce the wealth of some and increase the wealth of others, put the poor in a favorable position where he could, working seven or eight hours, with a surplus to meet their own needs and those of his family. Then he'll be happy, at least as much as possible for him. "
Reasoned over a hundred years ago, Helvetius, who was convinced that "if any work is regarded as evil, then it happens because in most of the necessary means of subsistence are produced only back-breaking labor, because the idea of the labor force This is always associated with the representation of suffering. " "Moderate work - he adds - there are generally very happy to use the time that only we can do if you do not satisfy any other requirements and does not give any other sensual pleasures, which, no doubt, for all its brightness the least durable.
There is no doubt that Helvetius was a staunch bourgeois. Property right for him was "the first and most sacred of all rights." But the bourgeois era Helvetia were not like the modern bourgeois. The bourgeoisie was then able to noble aspirations. Struggling against the clergy and nobility, against the powers that be "against the" lords "and" privileged ", she fought for the cause of all mankind. Ideal of the enlightened members was by no means a society in which a few thousand capitalists live then millions of workers. On the contrary, the philosophers of the XVIII century dreamed of a society consisting of unequal in wealth ownership, but in which all independent and each works at his own expense. It was an impossible dream. It is contrary to all laws of capitalist production.
But while philosophers have cherished this dream, they could become advocates of the exploiters. And very often they spoke last pretty nasty stuff.
So, already Helvetius understood that the interests of businesses against the interests of the whole "nation" as a whole. "In some respects there is nothing that contradicts the national interest, - he said - as the presence of too many people deprived of their property. Meanwhile, nothing matches the interests of more merchants. The more the poor, the less it pays to work ... And in the trading country, the merchants often is the real force. " (Helvetius wants to say - in a country with capitalist production).
Another philosopher of the revolutionary bourgeoisie, Holbach, indignant system under which "the whole nation must work, sweat, tears to irrigate land in order just to feed the whims of the luxury, imagination, taste perversion of a handful of madmen, a handful of useless people who can not be happy because of their disordered imagination knows no limits any more. "
Helvetius had already anticipated what would be the moral implications of the struggle for existence, originating in bourgeois society.
He said that in all countries where "there is a currency, there is desire to get rich at all costs. But "passion for the enrichment can not be extended to all classes of citizens, not creating at the same time, the ruling classes in the propensity to theft and abuse."
And then begin to eagerly grab "for the construction of harbors, with the arms, the establishment of trading companies, the war being made as they like to express, for the honor of the nation - in short, for any excuse to plunder. In the state immediately appear all the vices, the generation of greed and gradually infect all members of his lead and eventually the state to ruin. "
So more than a century ago predicted were Tunisian and Panama scandals.
Circumstances have changed dramatically since the Helvetia. These days, every self-respecting bourgeois considers it a sacred duty revolts against the eight-hour day, and all other requirements of the exploited. Then, as the productive forces of modern society is developing in unprecedented amounts, gentlemen exploiters and not hear about any whatsoever facilitate workers' labor. And, while due to the "passion for the enrichment of" corruption of the bourgeoisie surpasses all that we can create the imagination of its enemies, would have us believe that the bourgeois world - best of all worlds.
Whether we would get the bait sycophant of the bourgeoisie?
Working day, which he dreamed once Helvetius, and which requires, in our time, the working class around the world, will not work "happy, at least as much as possible for him." But he would give him a new weapon in the fight for his full and final release.
Helvetius did not know "medicine" against "evil", which he foresaw. We know this drug, and, moreover, the right medicine: a dictatorship of the proletariat as the agent and the socialist organization of production as a goal.
April 23, 1893.
Published: Plekhanov Selected Philosophical Works. In five volumes. T. I, Gospolitizdat, M., 1956, p. 504-506.
Has the nature of the bourgeoisie, since Plekhanov?
Over the past century we have witnessed various forms of bourgeois exploitation which Plekhanov could not even imagine. We have witnessed the existence of a collective of the bourgeoisie in the form of the CPSU, and this concentration of wealth have not many, that the nineteenth century never dreamed of.
Modern picture of the distribution of wealth in the world gives a report of International Institute of UNU-Wider. It turns out that today only 2% of the adult population controls more than half the world's wealth. Moreover, by 1% from these two accounts for 40% of global assets. And 10% of the richest people own - 85% of the wealth. On the other hand, 50% of the world's poor just typed 1% of its wealth. These reports show that 90% of the world's wealth is concentrated in North America, Europe, and a few rich countries in Asia. In this case, large amounts of the states of their citizens contrasts with the relatively small share of these countries in total world population. For example, in North America lives only 6% of the population but it accounts for 34% of global wealth. Moreover, as noted by one of the authors of the report, James Davis: "Over the past 20-25 years, the unevenness between the incomes of rich and poor grew and grew." As we see the bourgeoisie, in its quest for profit, has not changed. The concentration of capital in few hands has given them new, previously unseen, the possibility of exploitation of the peoples of the world.
Today the capital in pursuit of profit, has penetrated all corners of the world, bringing with them, but new technologies, environmental issues, the problems of survival of peoples and all muck of capitalist exploitation. And the cure for this, as noted, Plekhanov one - a dictatorship of the proletariat as the agent and the socialist organization of production as a goal.
Editorial Board Site "POLITUCHEBA.
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